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Fiction Literature
Mahmood shahroodi; Maryam Khalili Jahantigh; Ahmad Shirkhani
Abstract
In this article, eight characteristics of migration literature from the point of view of Soren Frank, in two novels of the kite runner by Khaled Hosseini, an Afghan writer, and especially by Abbas Maroufi, an Iranian writer, have been analyzed with analytical criticism method, and these basic questions ...
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In this article, eight characteristics of migration literature from the point of view of Soren Frank, in two novels of the kite runner by Khaled Hosseini, an Afghan writer, and especially by Abbas Maroufi, an Iranian writer, have been analyzed with analytical criticism method, and these basic questions have been answered that 1 -How are Frank's social level (thematic) characteristics reflected in the aforementioned novels? 2- What is the approach of the authors of the examined novels in terms of the use of intratextual migration methods and their image in the text of the novel (style and form)? The results show that the expression of the work in the form of a biography of the author and the characters of the novel is observed in both novels, but it is completely specific to the reader from the stories to a famous autobiography. In the category of nationalism, the concept of nationality has gained a new meaning for Hosseini, but for Maroufi, migration is a painful alienation that he cannot adapt to. In the subject of the novel as a European genre, the Kite Runner novel, which considers its audience not regional but global, is known as a western novel, but in the novel, the author's perspective and his approach to the Persian speaking audience have caused his novel to be non-European and Iranian. Evaluated. At the level of form and style, their works reflect the world of intratextual migration, which primarily helps to create this world through a structural-formal mode.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
mahbuobe hemmatiyan
Abstract
In rhetorical books, the eloquence is defined as "presenting one sole meaning in several ways by the difference in clarity and secrecy". The choice of these various forms of expression according to the conditions and characteristics of the factors that contribute to the creation of a word is vital for ...
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In rhetorical books, the eloquence is defined as "presenting one sole meaning in several ways by the difference in clarity and secrecy". The choice of these various forms of expression according to the conditions and characteristics of the factors that contribute to the creation of a word is vital for rhetoric. Considering that the speaker, the audience, the situational context and the word are of the factors of creating the verbal communication, the harmony of the features of the word with their status is the condition of the rhetoric of the word.In this study, the role of the requirements of these four factors has been explored in how and why of the various topics of the eloquence, alongside the necessity of considering these requirements, both in the stage of using the rhetorical figures of speech and in the stage of their recognition. The status of these factors in the structure of the various forms of similes, metaphors and their differentiation elements is essential. The creation of the ironies also depends on the situational context. Furthermore, the forming and use of the symbols is also influenced by the conditions of these factors.
Contemporary Poetry of Iran
khalil nikkhah; effat neghabi
Abstract
An image that reflects the emotions and thoughts of the poet and a way to sensitize his inner life, while a rhetorical value is found, that it will be in the direction of cultivating the thoughts and emotions of the creator. In the work of each artist, there is a dominant idea that is present in the ...
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An image that reflects the emotions and thoughts of the poet and a way to sensitize his inner life, while a rhetorical value is found, that it will be in the direction of cultivating the thoughts and emotions of the creator. In the work of each artist, there is a dominant idea that is present in the abundance of images, the structure and theme of his works. A poet who has an individual and creative thought shines a coherent theme on his work, and this theme, along with the poet's individual emotion, makes a great contribution to the creation of enormous images. In this essay, we will show the two-way relationship of emotion and thought in Ghazal Shahriar and Simin Behbahani on the axis of linguistic and imaginary images.By studying the sonnets of Simin Behbahani and Shahriar, we find that beyond all the images and faces, the constant theme that leads all Shahryar's mental structures and images, Love is the person who is expecting and parting, and the dominant thought is on the thoughts of Simin, the social issues and the love and grief resulting from it, that the poet leaves the love and affection of a person and brings about social love, and his concern is the image of people's problems and sadness.
Volume 70, Issue 235 , January 0, , Pages 0-0
Abstract
content of No235
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content of No235
Sufism and Mysticism
Arezu pooryazdanpanah Kermani; zeinab sheikhhosseini
Abstract
Structural Analysis of Abdullâh Qutb's Epistels Letters are one of the important types of Persian literature and types of prose that have been of great literary, social, historical and political importance in different historical periods. Islamic mystics, using the art of writing ...
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Structural Analysis of Abdullâh Qutb's Epistels Letters are one of the important types of Persian literature and types of prose that have been of great literary, social, historical and political importance in different historical periods. Islamic mystics, using the art of writing and following the religious leaders, have written letters to convey mystical teachings and guide seekers of the path. Abdullâh Qutb is one of the prominent mystics of the ninth century AH who established the ideal society and utopia called "Exvânâbâd" near Jahrom. Through writing letters, he managed this ideal society and guided and educated his followers; Writings that are noteworthy both in terms of Persian prose and in terms of containing valuable mystical points for the guidance and education of seekers. Accordingly, in this paper, the structure of Qutb's epistels have been studied by analytical-descriptive method. The research findings indicate that the stylistic features of Qutb's writing, i.e. the tendency to simplify and brevity, have changed the structure of his writings and this has caused the difference between the letters of Qutb and other mystical writings. These letters are among the brotherly epistels and multi-faceted letters.
Ali Dehghan; Hamidreza Farzi; Farshad Valizadeh
Volume 71, Issue 237 , September 2018, , Pages 211-242
Abstract
Islamic mysticism, have taken deep-seated concepts such as the material life, the dignity of man in the universe and, ultimately, his universal life. Existentialism is considered attention to individuality, the status of existence, freedom, ethics and responsibility, are based on the unity of man. In ...
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Islamic mysticism, have taken deep-seated concepts such as the material life, the dignity of man in the universe and, ultimately, his universal life. Existentialism is considered attention to individuality, the status of existence, freedom, ethics and responsibility, are based on the unity of man. In this regard, Sana'i Ghaznavispoke in his work, "Hadiqeh al-Haqiqa", according to the position of man in the context of the mystical thought around it, and Sartre in his fiction "nausea" has been devoted to examining the status of man in the realm of being. This research attempts to make a comparative study of the position of man in the two worldviews on the basis of the works discussed.These findings suggest that, despite the fundamental differences in thought, human standing in both high and precious intellectual schools, as well as the one in existence, is discussed. Both schools of thought invoke him for the sake of human excellence and the transcendence of existential existence. Sanei seeks to achieve this goal in the mystical drive and follow the Shari'a and Sartre in the Nouveau novel, which he considers to be transcendental affairs, including the creation of art or the participation in the writing process.
Masoume Nazari Charvadeh; Bahram Khoshnoodi; AhmadReza Nazari
Volume 70, Issue 236 , December 2017, , Pages 217-236
Abstract
In the structural narratology there are two types of time for each narrative: time of the text, time of the story, arrangement, duration and frequency within the ‘time of the context’; calendar time and the sensory and emotional time in the range of ‘time of the story’ are the ...
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In the structural narratology there are two types of time for each narrative: time of the text, time of the story, arrangement, duration and frequency within the ‘time of the context’; calendar time and the sensory and emotional time in the range of ‘time of the story’ are the main topics of time in narratology knowledge. Although theorizing about the techniques and methods of time in historical and literary narratives is a new discussion and dates back to the twentieth century, style of storytelling in Kalileh and Demneh Stories, has provided an appropriate ground for layout of the main components of time in this work.
This article is the result of a research that has studied the time in the main and secondary Tales of Kalileh and Demneh using the descriptive-deductive method and based on the theory of "time in narration". Result obtained from the research show that Kalileh and Demneh Tales have significant match with features "the time of the text". As in “duration” descriptive pause, stage of the play, summarizing and removing, have respectively higher frequencies, in “arrangement” frequency of after-look is more than that of pre-look and in the discussion on “frequency” more attention has been given to recount frequency than repeated frequency. These achievements show that despite having technical prose, Kalileh and Demneh, enjoys a moderate approach in narrating the stories and that, its circumlocution is never more than its brevity and moderation.
Literary theories
fatemeh hayatdavoodi; mohammad hassan hassanzadeh; asad abshirini
Abstract
Ecopsychology studies human psyche in relation to environment. Psychology, which is based on Freud's theory of personality structure, is product of mutual, interactive and conflicting relationship between three factors of Id, ego and superego. Of course, ecopsychology is opposed to Freud's views when ...
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Ecopsychology studies human psyche in relation to environment. Psychology, which is based on Freud's theory of personality structure, is product of mutual, interactive and conflicting relationship between three factors of Id, ego and superego. Of course, ecopsychology is opposed to Freud's views when it emphasizes introduction of God into individual's worldview. Now, with a descriptive-analytical method, we will deal with question of what effect nature has had on spirit and behavior and actions of people in fictional community of Empty Place of Solouch of Dolatabadi? To show the dominance of nous that such crises have created in personality structure of Solouch family and caused balance of their ego to be disturbed. The results of research show that dominance of nous in this novel, with mechanization of agriculture by Mirza Hassan, regardless of its compatibility with environment and its people, Solouch with chaotic impulses of "id", Mergan with grief and Makholia Abrav with inability of his "ego" to balance between "id", "superself" and outside world, Abbas with antisocial personality disorder and Hagar has faced dependent personality disorder. In fact, the dominance of nous, because it was used without considering the resilience of the environment and people of that region, has upset the ego balance of the novel's characters and caused them to have personality disorders that cause of such disturbances can be seen in lack of unconscious emotional participation of characters of novel with natural phenomena influenced by capitalist world and humanism of Enlightenment era.
Literary theories
Ehsan Khanisomar; Mosa Parnian; Khalil Baygzade
Abstract
One of issues in narratology is the issue of focalization. Gerard Genet chose centralization as a superior view from a perspective that is a transcendental concept of visual side. This perspective is a point of view through which a lot of information is implicitly seen, felt, understood and evaluated. ...
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One of issues in narratology is the issue of focalization. Gerard Genet chose centralization as a superior view from a perspective that is a transcendental concept of visual side. This perspective is a point of view through which a lot of information is implicitly seen, felt, understood and evaluated. This research with the descriptive-analytical method is used to introduce focalization, its types and aspects in the popular novel Qeydar to examine the narrative information and to organize the validity of this work. The results of this research show that in terms of perception, in the narration of this work, there are two types of focalizer, "external" and "internal" with a position of limited and unlimited focalizers are interacting. The time of this novel is linear. Continuation of events except in the two fifth and ninth chapters, they are retold and most events have a singular frequency. Psychologically, the feelings of the hero of this work can be equated with the feelings of the author. The ideology that governs the atmosphere of Qeydar's novel, which shows the ideology of the author of this work, seeks to introduce the ideal character of Iranian society; a gentle personality a hero, a believer, a fighter and committed to the homeland, of which Qeydar is the supreme example. Amirkhani using the diversity in focalization and addressing the disturbed climate has brought the narration of Qeydar's novel closer to the social reality and has increased its credibility with the audience.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
saeed karimi
Abstract
Artistic games with words form the central part of Nizami's aesthetic. The major share of these games are played in Khamsa with the name of fictional characters. With the help of 41 word names, Nizami has performed 400 cases of artistic games. Most items of games have been conducted with Shirin, Shekar, ...
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Artistic games with words form the central part of Nizami's aesthetic. The major share of these games are played in Khamsa with the name of fictional characters. With the help of 41 word names, Nizami has performed 400 cases of artistic games. Most items of games have been conducted with Shirin, Shekar, Mahan, Shabdiz, Goor (Bahram) and Leili. Nizami employed literary arrays such as proportion ambiguity, total pun, partial pun, repetition, derivation pun, pseudo-derivation pun, redundant pun, subsequent pun, and difference pun in long vowels (from the most to the least) to run artistic games. Shedding light on these games would reveal the essence of Nizami's art and power. In addition to artistic aesthetics, the poet has followed other objectives too. For instance, with the help of these games, he has supported fictional atmosphere to attract the attention of his readers. Apparently, the poet has deliberately played with the word names, but in some cases the game has been so appropriately that the reader takes it as granted. The high frequency of games with word names is the major stylistic feature of Nizami's works.
Literary theories
Mohamamd MOHAMMADI-AGHDASH; Behnam Moharamzadeh
Abstract
تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی شاخهای جدید و بین رشتهای در علوم انسانی و بالاخص در حوزه نقد زبانشناختی است که در سالهای اخیر توسعه بیشتری پیدا کرده و در تحلیل مسائل مختلف ...
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تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی شاخهای جدید و بین رشتهای در علوم انسانی و بالاخص در حوزه نقد زبانشناختی است که در سالهای اخیر توسعه بیشتری پیدا کرده و در تحلیل مسائل مختلف سیاسی- اجتماعی و البته متون ادبی خودنمایی میکند. نورمن فرکلاف نظریه پرداز و بنیانگذار این جریان فلسفی-زبانشناختی در اواخر قرن بیستم میلادی با دریافت و گذر از نظریات نشانهشناسی، تأویلگرایی گادامر، دیرینهشناسی میشل فوکو و با رد آراء صرفا اقتصادگرایانهی نئوکمونیستها و با نگاهی به پساساختارگرایی دریدایی توانست مفهوم گفتمان قدرت و مردم را از طریق ساختهای ایدئولوژیک به دستآمده از صورتهای زبانی تازگی ببخشد.مقالهی حاضر میکوشد با رویکردی تطبیقی، مفهوم کلیدی و کلان مدرنیته را در بافت موقعیتی رمانهای مدیر مدرسه از جلال آل احمد و سفر به انتهای شبِ لویی-فردینان سِلین فرانسوی، که اصطلاح مدرنیته به عنوان گفتمان قدرت در رمانهای نیمه اتوبیوگرافیک (خود زندگینامه) مذکور در تضاد با گفتمان رسمی قهرمانهای داستان است، بر اساس رویکرد نظری نورمن فرکلاف تحلیل و بررسی کند. باید گفت که آل احمد در مدیر مدرسه قصد انتقاد از عواقب جامعهای را دارد که غربزده شده و به تقلید از مدرنیتهی غربی اخلاق، معنویات و فرهنگ سنتی را به فراموشی سپردهاست. سِلین نیز در سفر به انتهای شب با دنیای پست مدرن غرب و گفتمان مدرنیته که در جایگاه گفتمان قدرت قرار دارد، رسم و رسوم جاری بین افراد جامعه را، که تحت تاثیر پدیدهی مدرنیزاسیون دولتی و ظهور بیش از پیش ماشینهای صنعتی هویت انسانی خود را باختهاند، در قالب جملات قصار و لحن عامیانه به دیدهی تحقیر مینگرد.
Literary theories
Hiva Hasanpour; touraj khosravi shaabaani
Abstract
Literary discourse analysis refers to the analysis of linguistic and meta-linguistic data of a literary text to reach different concepts and interpretations. This research, in a descriptive-analytical way, has investigated and analyzed the novel The Marde gereftar from the perspective of analyzing its ...
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Literary discourse analysis refers to the analysis of linguistic and meta-linguistic data of a literary text to reach different concepts and interpretations. This research, in a descriptive-analytical way, has investigated and analyzed the novel The Marde gereftar from the perspective of analyzing its ruling discourse. The necessity of conducting this research is that it shows that the literary text is not only linguistic and aesthetic data, and it is possible to obtain different interpretations and perceptions of it through linguistic and meta-linguistic data. This research was done in a descriptive and analytical way and based on library sources. In terms of discourse, this story can be classified into three parts: dominant discourse, new discourse and failure of new discourse. The discourse of power, by monotonizing language and society and suppressing dialogue and other communication, takes a step towards expanding power and consolidating it as much as possible, which itself has a great impact on the construction of society and homogenous subjects. Finally, since no discourse can fully establish itself, a new discourse emerges in opposition to the prevailing discourse, which is represented by the first character of the story. By producing a new discourse, one of the essentials of which is a new identity, the subject finds a new identity and gradually the previous discourse is marginalized.
Abstract
Content of No. 238
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Content of No. 238
Volume 72, Issue 239 , September 2019
Lyrical and Didactic Literature
Alireza Nabilou
Abstract
Introducing, Comparing, and Criticizing the Exegesis of Mohammad ibn Qavâm Balkhi and the Exegesis of Qâzi Ibrâhim Tatavi (Based on Verses from Maxzan al-Asâr) In the present research, it is tried to select verses from the Maxzan al-Asrâr by referring to the manuscripts ...
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Introducing, Comparing, and Criticizing the Exegesis of Mohammad ibn Qavâm Balkhi and the Exegesis of Qâzi Ibrâhim Tatavi (Based on Verses from Maxzan al-Asâr) In the present research, it is tried to select verses from the Maxzan al-Asrâr by referring to the manuscripts of two important exegesis of Nezâmi's Maxzan al-Asrâr, namely the exegesis of Mohammad ibn Qavâm Balkhi, known as Karri, from the 8th century AH and the exegesis of Qâzi Ibrâhim Tatavi from the 11th century AH, and then The exegesis and analysis of both commentators about these verses should be examined and compared. The commentary of Mohammad bin Qavâm Balkhi is one of the oldest commentaries of the Maxzan al-Asrâr, the manuscript of which is available, and subsequent commentators are often influenced by this work. Qâzi Ebrâhim Tatavi has repeatedly mentioned Muhammad Qavâm Balkhi in his commentary on Maxzan al-Asrâr. In this research, while comparing the explanations of the verses from both commentators, it is shown that Qâzi Ebrâhim was not just an imitator, and in some verses, he innovated and provided different explanations and analysis, and traces of imitation are also evident in some verses. For this purpose, some verses that are sometimes difficult and ambiguous have been selected to determine whether these interpretations are sufficient in their analysis or whether they have not been able to resolve the ambiguity and the problem still remains.
Literary theories
Fatemeh Mozafari; Firouzeh Ameri; Efat sadat Hosseini
Abstract
Some feminists believe that Foucault has not specified which gender dominates the other and which gender is dominated in the genealogy of power. Accordingly, by combining the Foucauldian concept of power with feminism, they have created Foucauldian feminism to give a convincing answer to the issue of ...
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Some feminists believe that Foucault has not specified which gender dominates the other and which gender is dominated in the genealogy of power. Accordingly, by combining the Foucauldian concept of power with feminism, they have created Foucauldian feminism to give a convincing answer to the issue of domination in gender relations. The theorists of this approach believe that gender is not essential or biological; Rather, it is produced and induced by subjects by authorities of society. For this reason, after accepting the constructed ideals of femininity as true discourses, the subjects voluntarily engage in self-disciplining which is obedience to the patriarchal system. Therefore, feminists try to resist internalized norms of femininity and give freedom to women. In fact, this study attempts to introduce the basics of Foucauldian feminism to those who are interested in literary criticism and increases the audience’s awareness of the modernization of patriarchal power. It also demonstrates that Sadegh Hedayat in “The Doll Behind the Curtain,” has also drawn the characteristics of the ideal woman of the modern patriarchal society by describing the fascination of the main character, Mehrdad, towards the statue woman. In addition, with the characterization of a girl, named Derakhshande, he displays that the women seek to discover gender discourses produced by powers and to apply disciplinary techniques to themselves so that they can attract men’s attention.
Fiction Literature
Arezu Pooryazdanpanah Kermani
Abstract
One of the most important issues in human life today and consequently one of the most important features of postmodernism is uncertainty. The influence of this principle in the field of literature and the influence of the novel on it has made modern and postmodern novels more attractive for the reader ...
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One of the most important issues in human life today and consequently one of the most important features of postmodernism is uncertainty. The influence of this principle in the field of literature and the influence of the novel on it has made modern and postmodern novels more attractive for the reader and the reader more involved in reading the novel. The novel "Dilmzad" by Mohammad Roodgar is one of the selected novels of the Holy Defense in which various factors have been used to create doubt and uncertainty and the construction of its main theme is uncertainty. In the present article, different manifestations of uncertainty in the novel "Dilmzad" have been studied by descriptive-analytical method and through this, the author's preparations to create uncertainty and place the reader on the border of belief and disbelief have been analyzed. Findings of the research indicate that in this novel, uncertainty is expressed in the linguistic levels, narrative, characterization, perspective and time and place of the story, and among these, in the linguistic level of the novel has a special prominence. The author has also added to the skepticism and uncertainty of the story by narrating reality and mixing fantasy and reality with disregard for the cause-and-effect relationship in the story.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Tamanna Golbabaei; Mohammad Gholamrezaei; Ahmad Khatami; Roghiyeh Sadraie
Abstract
The use of Allusive simile and metaphor in expressing the mystical experience and preliminaries(Based on Mantegh-al-teyr by Attar)AbstractPoetry is the manifestation of poetic and artistic images.These images are created using the rhetorics and its various tools. A mystic poet uses these images to recreate ...
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The use of Allusive simile and metaphor in expressing the mystical experience and preliminaries(Based on Mantegh-al-teyr by Attar)AbstractPoetry is the manifestation of poetic and artistic images.These images are created using the rhetorics and its various tools. A mystic poet uses these images to recreate the mystical experiences and preliminaries. Among the most important devices used in mystic poets' minds to recreate –Including Attar Neyshaburi- are "simile", "metaphor" and "allusion". He has used simile repeatedly in Mantegh-al-teyr –which is the story of a group of birds' spiritual journey- to express the mystical experience and has combined it with allusion. In this paper, with a descriptive, analytical and review method, as we introduce this device, we will show how these tools or techniques have been used to express his mystical experiences and it’s preliminaries. In mystical poetry, decorating speech is secondary but the main purpose of the poet is to express preliminaries of internal and mystical revelations and experiences, so his poetical images are driven from his religious and mystical attitudes. Most of Attar's similes and allusions are related to verses and stories of Quran and religious and quranic characters and religious subjects and Hadiths, as well as religious sayings, characters and subjects and that is a sign of the deep impact of religion and mysticism on his speech rhetorics.Key words: Image, allusive simile, allusive Metaphor, mystical experience, Mantegh-al-teyr,
Literary theories
sedegeh kobra sadagiyani; Hamid Reza Farzi; Nasser Dashtpayma
Abstract
Time is a significant and essential component in the creation of a novel. It has such a fundamental position in narrative, some critics believe that the most significant feature of narrative identification is its time. The authors’ playing with time increase the attractiveness of narrative, and ...
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Time is a significant and essential component in the creation of a novel. It has such a fundamental position in narrative, some critics believe that the most significant feature of narrative identification is its time. The authors’ playing with time increase the attractiveness of narrative, and indicates the way s/he chooses the events. By going through the authors’ playing with time, we realize the significance of an event in the author's view to achieve her/his goal. Genette, French structuralist theorist, has played a significant role in the development of the concept of time in narrative, as one of the important components of the advancement of narrative. Considering this issue, the present research paper has explored affecting factors on the speed of narrative, through a descriptive-analytical approach in Sa'edi’s Smiling Tatar in the light of Genette's Narratology. The speed of narrative is explored to find out the duration of actions/events over time and find out what the portion of a book is devoted to them in a specific span of time. The results of this research indicate that in Sa'edi’s Smiling Tatar, the author creates a modern story by creating a narrative, based on non-linear structure, in which the element of the time is very cardinal. Based on the concept of time in Genette's narratology, it can be concluded that in different parts of Sa'edi’s Smiling Tatar, due to having a lot of reducing factors of the text narrative speed, the validity is negative and the speed of narration is slow.
Fiction Literature
Azam Nikkhah Fardaghi; samira bameshki
Abstract
The novel is one of the common types of contemporary literature that is directly related to the socio-political construction of any society. It has now strengthened this bond in recent decades; because epics and myths with their many capabilities can help the author to reflect the context of the metatext ...
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The novel is one of the common types of contemporary literature that is directly related to the socio-political construction of any society. It has now strengthened this bond in recent decades; because epics and myths with their many capabilities can help the author to reflect the context of the metatext and express the issues for or against it. Hence, novelists also employ different and sometimes contradictory approaches to the context of the metatext. In this study, we seek to answer the question that Belqeis Soleimani as of one of the authors of this type of novel, why and how invited epic characters to her novel?" To answer this question, we first examine the socio-political construction of the time of writing the novel (the eighties Ssi). Then, using the method of qualitative content analysis, we have clarified the author's position for or against the context of our metatext. Findings show that Soleimani by calling the active and norm-breaking activist Rudabeh of Shahnameh to her novel and making her passive against the norms of the patriarchal society and showing the negative consequences of such norms for Rudabeh as a representative of women, tries to represent and weaken patriarchal discourse by creating tension between actions of pretext Rudabeh and protext Rudabeh.
Fiction Literature
ali keshavarz gadimi; javad taheri; lida namdar
Abstract
Conclusion is one of the most important topics in narratology. The ambiguity and complex structure of the postmodern story, following the form, leads to various conclusions that make the understanding and reception of the results confusing and optimistic for the audience. In modern fiction, Bijan Najdi ...
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Conclusion is one of the most important topics in narratology. The ambiguity and complex structure of the postmodern story, following the form, leads to various conclusions that make the understanding and reception of the results confusing and optimistic for the audience. In modern fiction, Bijan Najdi has created works by breaking the classical form and structure, which has led to various types of endings, which are in the form of rotation or rotation, multiple endings, parallel or parallel, endless end, false, open, definite, proposed for you. The use of these new techniques in the endings of the story by Bijan Najdi has not only contributed significantly to the attractiveness and variety of his works, but also shows his artistic creativity and high writing ability, so that in each of his stories, different examples of these forms can be seen. In this way, the present study, with the aim of explaining the types of endings in Najdi's postmodern novels, descriptively-analytically studies the stories of two groups of cheetahs that ran with me again from the same streets.
Lyrical and Didactic Literature
fatemh mehrabani mamdouh; hosein sedghi
Abstract
Literature and social has mutual effects together and it can know that the literature is a reflection of social realites. One of these influences is the effect of class system and autocratic on the society and membersʼs communication, and the literature as the principle of social appearance itʼs reflect ...
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Literature and social has mutual effects together and it can know that the literature is a reflection of social realites. One of these influences is the effect of class system and autocratic on the society and membersʼs communication, and the literature as the principle of social appearance itʼs reflect at itself. Class system is a social inclusive system that people disport to some separate class, and in this system some of people enjoyed complete citizenship rights, and the rest of them deprived the primary rights. Acceptance and emphasis on difference, opposition, and generally inequality are the characteristics of this system. Class system has results to autocratic that itʼs components are the sanctity of the king and one-way conversation, and the fear has form itʼs founding. This system has effects on peopleʼs attitude, belives, moods, and expression of the contentsʼs manner. So that literary language tendency to indirect expression and aphorism, and sideways of the content of the literary works to serve the interests of the socialʼs ruling and powerful class. This article studies these effects and itʼs reflection in the educational literature by descriptive-analytic method, relying on the most prominent Persian prose educational texts that classified in political advice writtens.
Literary theories
Ebrahim Eghbali; Abasalt AhmadiDizaj; Mohammad Khakpour; Mohammad reza Abedi
Abstract
Enthusiasts of Iranian culture and literature Subcontinental countries, etc. have always been in search of literary inspiration and a correct understanding of Persian Texts, they have been diligent in understanding them, and from their own and others' point of view, they have described works such ...
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Enthusiasts of Iranian culture and literature Subcontinental countries, etc. have always been in search of literary inspiration and a correct understanding of Persian Texts, they have been diligent in understanding them, and from their own and others' point of view, they have described works such as Ganjavi's Nezami Sharafnameh have been paid. In this article, the authors have emphasized the use of words, written morphology and grammar in the manuscripts of Ganjavi's Nezami Sharafnameh, using a library method. They describe them according to their linguistic and stylistic features. The results of this study, after briefly introducing the manuscripts of Sharafnameh's commentaries as scientific-literary texts, show that all the commentators have a good command of the Persian language in view of their geographical area, the Indian subcontinent, and explain the meanings and concepts in simple, comprehensible words and sentences. , explicit, clear and consistent with the standard language of India and even Iran at that time, they have directly transmitted. While writing in a simple way, they used Arabic and native words or the terms of literary techniques and...and avoided exaggeration and the use of synonyms In addition, in the written explanations, grammatical coordinates such as extra descriptive syntactic combinations, Arabic combinations and...are used and the prose has removed them from uniformity, so the style In terms of vocabulary and morphology, in the components of selection, invention and ...they are more in line with the features of Ghaznavid and Seljuk period (intermediate) prose, which indicates that their prose is scientific.
Fiction Literature
manige farajian; Ali Dehghan; ayoub koushan
Abstract
Advances are the doctrinal and philosophical systems that legitimize the activities, institutions and social structure, values and cultural forms. In the past, these narratives represented a promising picture of the future of mankind. But in the postmodern world, they have not managed to organize the ...
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Advances are the doctrinal and philosophical systems that legitimize the activities, institutions and social structure, values and cultural forms. In the past, these narratives represented a promising picture of the future of mankind. But in the postmodern world, they have not managed to organize the lives of people and have lost their credibility. Based on this, postmodern skepticism describes the prospectus. The decline of the prefectures is one of the important indices of post-modernist stories. Moniru RavaniPour is a writer who wrote his novels in post-modernist space. The present study examines the decline of the novelty in the novel "Kuli Kanare Atash(Gypsy Beyond Fire)" from this author. Because the collapse of many evidences with biological, religious, social, and rational and knowledgeable behaviors has been narrated in the novel "Gypsy Beyond Fire." As the evidences and analysis of the present paper show, psychoanalysis for the narrative of the decline of extras in the postmodern space rebuilt the scene of traditional life in a story, and with skillful symbolism, has been able to create a sophisticated atmosphere that The most important feature of post-modern human beings is the drawing of bias. The collapse of social traditions, the skepticism of political decades from Iranian history and violations of the classical writing styles - as a great narrative - are subjects that this article retrieves them in the novel "Gypsy to the Fire" and Has analyzed.
Contemporary Poetry of Iran
fariba mirzamohammadnia; mohamad ali gozashti; aliyeh yuseffam
Abstract
Critical stylistics is a new approach rooted in critical aesthetics that has emerged from the perspectives of the Frankfurt School.. The study of stylistic feature of a text from a critical point helps us understand how the text is related to the power and what the ideology of the text is. In Shamlou's ...
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Critical stylistics is a new approach rooted in critical aesthetics that has emerged from the perspectives of the Frankfurt School.. The study of stylistic feature of a text from a critical point helps us understand how the text is related to the power and what the ideology of the text is. In Shamlou's poems, from the point of view of critical stylistics, the layer of pragmatics and rhetorical and lexical layers can be examined. From the perspective of the pragmatic layer we can study propagation of meaning and deviation on the poems of Shamlou. The analysis of these indicators has been done with the help of critical aesthetic theory. From the perspective of the rhetorical and lexical layers we can study archaism and repetition. From an aesthetic point of view, these attributes are explained deviation on the poems and criticism of power in modern times. In these studies, Shamlou's poems are in a negated position toward the center of domination. He criticizes the one-dimensional man in modern times and also the pattern of power in contemporary societies.
