Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی
Authors
1 PhD in Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran
2 Assistant professor of Department of Persian Language and Literature, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
Abstract
Literature and social has mutual effects together and it can know that the literature is a reflection of social realites. One of these influences is the effect of class system and autocratic on the society and membersʼs communication, and the literature as the principle of social appearance itʼs reflect at itself. Class system is a social inclusive system that people disport to some separate class, and in this system some of people enjoyed complete citizenship rights, and the rest of them deprived the primary rights. Acceptance and emphasis on difference, opposition, and generally inequality are the characteristics of this system. Class system has results to autocratic that itʼs components are the sanctity of the king and one-way conversation, and the fear has form itʼs founding. This system has effects on peopleʼs attitude, belives, moods, and expression of the contentsʼs manner. So that literary language tendency to indirect expression and aphorism, and sideways of the content of the literary works to serve the interests of the socialʼs ruling and powerful class. This article studies these effects and itʼs reflection in the educational literature by descriptive-analytic method, relying on the most prominent Persian prose educational texts that classified in political advice writtens.
Highlights
Extensive Abstract
The Effect and Reflection of Class System and Autocracy in the Persian Prose Educational Texts
(Relying on Political Advice Writtens in Fifth to Seventh Century)
Fatemeh Mehrabani Mamdouh[1]
PhDof Persian Language and Literature, Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan, Iran
Hossein Sedghi
Assistant professor of Persian Language and Literature, Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan, Iran
Abstract
Literature and society have mutual effects on each other and it is known that the literature is a reflection of social realities.One of these influences is the effect of class system and autocracy on the society and membersʼscommunication, and the literature as the principle social appearance represents itself. Class system is a social inclusive system that people disport to some separate class, and in this system some people enjoy complete citizenship rights, and the rest are deprived of the primary rights. Acceptance and emphasis on difference, opposition, and generally inequality are the characteristics of this system. Class system has some consequences for autocracy the components of which are the sanctity of the king and one-way conversation, and the fear of change. This system has effects on attitude of people, beliefs, moods, and expression of the dissent.Seen from the other way round, literary language tends to indirect expression and aphorism, on sideways of the content of the literary works to serve the interests of the socialʼs ruling and powerful class. This article studies the effects and their reflection on the educational literature by descriptive-analytic method, relying on the most prominent Persian prose educational texts classified in written political advice and guide.
Keywords: class system, autocratic, political advice writing, educational prose texts
1- Introduction
Literature and society are closely linked.Studying literature as social documents and hypothetical images of the truth is the most common way to find relation between literature and society (Velek,1994: 110). Political advice writing is one of literary works written to teach governing religion to kings by zoroastrian clergy, kings and prominent politicians.Given that political advice writing represents practical morality of the ruling classes, the writers of such literary works have played a role in reinforcing autocracy in society by bringing up theory of monarchy based on Iranshahri thought (believing in divine wisdom of king).Therefore, political advice writing is appropriate for the study of effect of class system and autocracy and their reflection on didactic literature.Dominance of class system and autocracy has various effects on moods, attitude and beliefs of people.Effects of this social and government system can be seen in the approach of writers to give advice, admitting class system, ideological and religious faulty prejudices, believing in lucky, complaining world, prevalence of kinds of moral evil in different sections of society.The question of this research is that what the effects of classsystem and autocraticare and how they are reflected in the mirror of didactic literature, specially political advice writing?
2- Research Methodology
This article is carried through content analysis method with a descriptive-analytical approach. The data of this research are “Siasat Nameh”, “Qabous Nameh”, “Nasihat úll molouk”,“Akhlagh ē Naseri”, “Kalila & Dimna”, “Marzban Nameh” and “Golestan”. So, after theoretical explanation of the research on the class system and autocracy and its relation with didactic literature is introduced, the effects and reflections of class system and autocracy in these works are illustrated.
3- Research Purposes
This research aims to study the effects and reflections of class system and autocracy in educational texts, especially political advice writing and answerthese quastions:
What are the effects of class system and autocracy on literature? How is this system reflected in educational texts, especially political advice writing?
4- Conclusion
According to what was said,the effects of class system and autocracy are tendency to advise, admission ofclass system and emphasis on the necessity of its implementation in the administration of the country,ideological and religiousfaulty prejudices, belief in luck, complaint from the world, prevalence of kinds of moral evil such as trick, conspiracy, betrayal, jealousy, weakening and hindering of another one`s growth, lie, duplicity, and flattery in different sections of society.The degree of severity and weakness in texts were reviewed,based on the research findings, as follows:
- Tendency to advise is obvious in the whole of these works; and writers have used various methods such as: telling historical anecdotes and wisdoms, fables, allegory, story, poem, etc.
- Admission of class system and emphasis on the necessity of its implementation is completely outstanding in“Siasat Nameh” and “Kalila & Dimna”; and its traces are evident in “Qabous Nameh” and “Akhlagh ē Naseri”.
- Ideological and religious faulty prejudices are obvious in “Siasat nameh”, “Golestan”, “Nasihat úll molouk”,“Kalila & Dimna” and “Marzban Nameh”.
- Belief in luck has a bold reflection in “Kalila & Dimna”; and there are references to it in “Qabous Nameh”,“Golestan”,“Akhlagh ē Naseri” and “Marzban Nameh”.
-Complaint from the world has a remarkable reflection in “Kalila & Dimna” and “Golestan”.
- Prevalence of moral evil among the people and kings has reflection in the all of the texts. Lie in “Qabous Nameh”; duplicity and flattery in “Kalila & Dimna”,“Akhlagh ē Naseri”,“Marzban Nameh” and “Golestan”; trick, betrayal, weakening and hindering another oneʼs growth in “Kalila & Dimna” have a significant reflection.
5- Reference1
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2- Ghazzali, M. (1972). Nasihatúllmolouk. Firstedition. Corrected by Jalal ú din Homaie. Tehran: National Works Association.
3- KeicavousibnIskandar. (1973). QabousNameh. 2thedition.Corrected by GholamHosseinYousefi. Tehran: Book Publishing Company.
4- Monshi, N. (1995). Kalila&Dimna. 13thedition. Corrected by MojtabaMinavi. Tehran: Amir Kabir.
5- Pouladi, K. (2011). The History of political thought in Iran and Islam. 3thedition. Tehran: Center publishing.
6- Saaʼdi, M. (2006). Saadiʼs General. Firstedition. Corrected by Mohammad Ali Foroughi. Tehran: Hermes.
7- Torabi, A. (2000). Sociology of Art and Literature. Firstedition. Tabriz: ForoughAzadi.
8- Tousi, N. (1977). AkhlaghēNaseri. Firstedition. Corrected by MojtabaMinavi and Ali Reza Heidari. Tehran: Kharazmi.
9- Tousi, N. (2012). Siasatnameh. 16th edition. Efforted by JafarShoar.Tehran: Amir Kabir.
10- Varavini, S. (2009). MarzbanNameh. 14thedition.Efforted by Khalil KhatibRahbar. Tehran: Safi Alishah.
11- Velek, R; Varen, A. (1994). Theory of Literature. First edition. Translated by Ziá' Movahhed and ParvizMohajer. Tehran: ElmiandFarhangi.
12- Zarrinkoub, A. (1978). History of Iran ofter Islam. 2thedition. Tehran: Amir Kabir.
[1]- Corresponding author
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