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mohammad ghafourifar; Alireza Hosseyni
Volume 70, Issue 236 , December 2017, , Pages 167-187
Abstract
Intertextuality is the result of the linguistic approach from the field of new critique in literature and it means looking at existing relationships between texts which creates new text and knows any literary text as a way of absorbing and transforming various texts in the past or at the same time. In ...
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Intertextuality is the result of the linguistic approach from the field of new critique in literature and it means looking at existing relationships between texts which creates new text and knows any literary text as a way of absorbing and transforming various texts in the past or at the same time. In the twentieth century, "Julia Kristeva", a French critic, presented this theory and was highly regarded by the critics. Although the term has been raised in the new critique, this phenomenon, with all its forms, has long been used in Persian literature, especially in folk literature and the most common form of this phenomenon is the reflection of the function of verses, vocabulary and meanings of the Holy Quran in a wide and different way in folk allusion which can only be achieved to its beauty by matching the theory of intertextuality. The present research is attempting to examine the types of inter-metamorphic Qur'anic verses with folk allusion with descriptive-analytic method, to be emphasized on the unbreakable bond of Islamic culture with Iranian interlaced literature. The results of the research show that folk allusion sometimes consider the words, the themes, the Qur'anic titles, as well as the characters and historical events as its inspiration, and the most intertextuality Quranic form used in the allegories is in the form of parallel negation (Amtsas).
Fiction Literature
hasan zolfagari; maryam moghaddami
Abstract
The barriers to women's employment and job promotion are among the main issues surrounding working women. Sociologists study the barriers to women's promotion in terms of glass ceiling. The Glass Ceiling is a set of factors that creates barriers on the path of women's career advancement. Fictional works ...
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The barriers to women's employment and job promotion are among the main issues surrounding working women. Sociologists study the barriers to women's promotion in terms of glass ceiling. The Glass Ceiling is a set of factors that creates barriers on the path of women's career advancement. Fictional works as the literary and cultural sources of any society play a part in representing social events and the issues surrounding the world of women. In some fictional works, the female characters face different barriers to continuing their studies, going into business, and being promoted. Conducting a study into the fictional works concerning women's employment and career conditions, the present paper attempts to identify the barriers to women's employment in terms of glass ceiling and based on a library research and a content analysis. The findings suggest that patriarchal views, marriage, work corruption, and having children are the major factors in creating the glass ceiling. Due to these factors, different carriers are dominated by men and strongly influenced by gender issues, a situation in which men win the jobs of high rank and women take the lower ones.
Literary theories
Golrokh Kiani; MohamadAli khazanedarloo; AliReza Nikooei
Abstract
Time is one of the basic issues in thematic criticism, and among the critics of this field, Georges Poulet pays more attention to the components of time and place. The main focus of Poole's criticism is to explore and investigate how to communicate with the outside world, which is done by emphasizing ...
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Time is one of the basic issues in thematic criticism, and among the critics of this field, Georges Poulet pays more attention to the components of time and place. The main focus of Poole's criticism is to explore and investigate how to communicate with the outside world, which is done by emphasizing the components of time and place.Bidel Dehlavi's emphasis on "time" and "becoming" and its epistemological aspects in his works are one of the main components of his thought.Biddle creates a surrealistic atmosphere in his lyrical poems through symbols, images and metaphors and presents his different perception of time which is in accordance with his mystical worldview. This research aims to show the philosophical and mystical foundations of Biddle's understanding of time, that is, the idea of the unity of existence and Indian wisdom, while drawing the conceptual correlates of time and its image network.The present article examines the concepts and images related to the category of time in Bidel Dehlavi's poems with a descriptive-analytical method, and with a thematic criticism approach based on the centrality of thoughts Puleh, Bidel's perception of the present, past and future is examined in the mirror of repeated images. The result of this research is that Bidel values meditation, revelation, reflection and intuition according to the teachings of Indian wisdom and Islamic mysticism, and the high frequency of words such asmoment and other similar compoundsIt shows Biddle's attention to the category of time.
Ali Reza Mahmoudi; Fatameh Rashaki
Volume 69, Issue 233 , January 0, , Pages 181-199
Abstract
Synesthesia is one of artistic and rhetorical techniques used to make speech beautiful and effective. This figure of speech, which is sometimes categorized under rhetorical system, and sometimes within the scope of linguistic and grammatical issues is regarded as one important factor behind beauty, defamiliarization ...
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Synesthesia is one of artistic and rhetorical techniques used to make speech beautiful and effective. This figure of speech, which is sometimes categorized under rhetorical system, and sometimes within the scope of linguistic and grammatical issues is regarded as one important factor behind beauty, defamiliarization and attention- grabing in a poem. Nasrollah Mardani is the most prominent contemporary revolution poet. The present research, which is conducted to better identify features of contemporary persian poet, assuming synesthesia to be an important factor in the beauty and effectiveness of Nasrollah Mardani poems, attempts to provide an answer to this fundamental question analytically and descriptively that based on what principles is the application of synesthesia in the poems of this poet? To this aim, synesthesia in three forms: rhetorical, grammatical and typical was investigated in their poem. The results of this research besides having variety in the structure and function of synesthesia in Nasrollah Mardani,s poems, indicate that synesthesia is one of the key elements of figures of speech in the poems of these poet and enjoy a high status in their poets effectiveness.
Reza Ghasemzadeh; Hamidreza Farzi; Ali Dehghan
Volume 70, Issue 235 , January 0, , Pages 181-203
Abstract
The struggle between tradition and modernism as a social problem is reflected in the contemporary literary works one of which is "Ahl-e Gharg Novel of Monirou Ravanipour's" written in magical realism and repeating the counteraction of these two phenomena. So in this research we have considered them to ...
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The struggle between tradition and modernism as a social problem is reflected in the contemporary literary works one of which is "Ahl-e Gharg Novel of Monirou Ravanipour's" written in magical realism and repeating the counteraction of these two phenomena. So in this research we have considered them to express the relationships and components of tradition and modernism the reflection of the author’s view which is the chief objective of this research. The results from the research show that contrary to kids view the writher portrays a society in which modernism causes the decline of tradition. In spite of her satisfaction from emerging some new phenomena's she is fully against modernism. She believes that by developing modernism traditional world is dim shining. By considering this novel one can understand that the process of influence and tradition from tradition to the modernism is happening mostly in the economical fields by way of new instrumental and industrial products. Modernism the new phenomena in "Ahl-e Gharg" mostly is described by way of industrial technologies or some scientific achievements and political movements accompanying its negative effects whose gradual or sometimes fast presence eventually will diminish the foundations of the traditions.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
vahid alibaygi sarhali; afsaneh ramezani
Abstract
Psychological critique is one of the most important areas of literary criticism based on modern psychology and Jung's theories. It uses a variety of archetypes to analyze people's personalities and evaluates their behavior in various cases. Meanwhile, the book Shahnameh and its female characters are ...
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Psychological critique is one of the most important areas of literary criticism based on modern psychology and Jung's theories. It uses a variety of archetypes to analyze people's personalities and evaluates their behavior in various cases. Meanwhile, the book Shahnameh and its female characters are important from various points of view, and in this study, their psychoanalysis is examined from Jung's point of view. Among them, Gerdafarid, Katayoun and Tahmineh have outstanding personalities who have various archetypes inherent in their nature that we have evaluated their psychoanalysis through various studies and the use of Jung's theories. Meanwhile, the archetypes of motherhood and individuality, along with the occurrence of animus symptoms in different situations, have distinguished their personality in every way, which is well demonstrated by the potential behaviors that have emerged from them, the psychology of their personality. Examining the people discussed in the Shahnameh, it was found that among the characters studied, Katayoun has the most ancient signs of the pattern, and his behavioral cues in various cases make the above theory more prominent. This research, which was done by analyzing the verses and describing their behaviors, evaluated the personality of each of the women discussed in the Shahnameh, and by using Jung's theories; we have interpreted and explained the different patterns of each individual.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Changiz Mowlaee
Abstract
Among fine Persian works, the theme of any work is not as closely related to the subject of "Iranian nationality" and "Iranians national identity" as Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Elements and national symbols such as "land" with specific geographical boundaries (whether mythical or real), customs and traditions, ...
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Among fine Persian works, the theme of any work is not as closely related to the subject of "Iranian nationality" and "Iranians national identity" as Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Elements and national symbols such as "land" with specific geographical boundaries (whether mythical or real), customs and traditions, history, common national language and finally the position of people, religion and government, have been reflected everywhere in this great and unique poem. In this regard, Shahnameh has rightly been considered as the "document of national identity of Iranians". But to what extent the survival of the "Iranian nation" may owe much to the sage of Tus and his Shahnameh is a question that, although difficult to answer in the first place, seems to be possible to provide a suitable answer to it with a brief review of the development of the phenomena that led to the formation of "Iranian nation" in the ancient world and consequently, the compilation and arrangement of legends and narratives recounted through the legendry history of Iran about the formation of the nation and various cultural manifestations of the Iranian nation.
Sufism and Mysticism
Leyla gholampoor ahangar kolayee; Mahmoud Tavousi; Shahin Ojagh Alizadeh
Abstract
The paradox is considered as an innovative array in Persian literature, one of the factors beauty, surprising and highlighting in literary works (and mystical). This research intends to investigate the causes of the growth of this innovative array in Attar’s Manteq-o-alteir Based on Jung's psychology. ...
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The paradox is considered as an innovative array in Persian literature, one of the factors beauty, surprising and highlighting in literary works (and mystical). This research intends to investigate the causes of the growth of this innovative array in Attar’s Manteq-o-alteir Based on Jung's psychology. According to the results,. Attar, with the help of the Simorgh and Jung, with the help of their own ancestor of both, seek to evolve and develop human, that is, the whole and the whole integrated paradox is fundamental; Because it consists of opposing forces; forces such as good and evil, the small world and the great world, the whole and the material, and the mino (the unity of opposites), which seeks to integrate and balance the two aspects of being, that is, "the body and the psyche" Thirty chicken or self-conscious + Simorgh or unconscious) Which is interpreted as unity; The result of this unity, fanaticism and this fanaticism at one and the same time, survives in other dimensions. As a result of such a complete paradox, that is The mystic of the total and complete in the "centuries", "sees in the shade of the sun", "in selflessness", and "in the absence of existence" It will be achieved.
Contemporary Poetry of Iran
alireza ghojezade
Abstract
Literary Legacy of Abd al-Majid Tabrizi(Persian Poet of Azerbaijan in the 8th/14thcentury)Alireza GhojezadehAssistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature,Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Tehran, Iran.E-mail Address: alirezaghojezade@yahoo.comAbstractAbdolmajid Tabrizi, ...
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Literary Legacy of Abd al-Majid Tabrizi(Persian Poet of Azerbaijan in the 8th/14thcentury)Alireza GhojezadehAssistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature,Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Tehran, Iran.E-mail Address: alirezaghojezade@yahoo.comAbstractAbdolmajid Tabrizi, a less well-known poet of the 8th century AD. Is. Thereis not much information about him. About 699 AH. He was born in Tabriz andprobably between 757 and 768 AH. In the past, what is his poem is that hewas engaged in farming and at the age of 55 he went over to Hajj, and afterreturning from the pilgrimage of the house of God, he went to Shiraz and spentsome time there. In various forms of poetry, such as poetry, sonnets,compositions, pieces, masnavi and quatrains, they have experimented withvarious concepts and subjects, including the prayer of God, the promise of theHoly Prophet (s), the exhortation of the rulers, love, mysticism, counsel andWisdom forms the theme of his poems. In the chanting, followers of suchpoets as Elementary, Anvari, Zahir Faryabi, and in Ghazalsarai, are the metatags of Saadi's lyrics. His contemporary poets like Hafez have also beeninfluenced by his poems.Keywords: Abd al-Majid Tabrizi, Tabriz, Persian poetry, Al-e Jalayer36 Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 71, Issue 238, Fall & Winter 2018- 2019Abd al-Majid Tabrizi is a less known poet of the 8th/14thcentury. Thereis little information available on his life. We know that he was born in699/1300 in Tabriz, and probably died around 757/1356 to 768/1367. Itis understood from his poems that he was engaged in agriculture, madea pilgrimage to Mecca when he was 55 years old, and stayed in Shirazfor a while on his return. He was a devout and pious Sunni Muslim, andthere are signs of his deep devotion to the Prophet Muhammad and hishousehold in his poetry.He has attempted with different poetic forms such as odes (qasidah),sonnets (ghazal), refrained verse (tarkib band), couplets (mathnavi),and quatrains (ruba’i). Praising God, describing virtues of the Prophet,eulogizing statesmen, love, mysticism, admonitions, and morals formthe main themes of his poetry.Abd al-Majid’s collection of poems (Diwan) consists of 4405 verses(bayts) of poetry in various poetic forms of ode, sonnet, refrained verse,fragments, couplets, quatrains, and simple distiches (mufradat). Hisodes are mostly of panegyric nature written in high praise ofdistinguished personalities and statesmen, but some of them eulogizevirtues of the Prophet Muhammad and his greatness as the Noblest ofall Creatures. There are only 22 odes among the 666 bayts in his extantcollection of poems though, according to Abd al-Majid himself, he hadwritten greater number of odes.There is a 98-bayt refrained verse in his collection of poems which dealswith the virtues of the Prophet. His fragments also deal with variousthemes such as giving up writing poetry, complaining aboutineffectiveness of his poems on ordinary people, disapproving of theworldly life and its ephemeral nature, self-glorifying, praising SheikhUways and Rukn al-Din and others, speaking about his occupation,describing the sites and landscapes of Tabriz, lamenting the ruins,remembering God, describing stages of pilgrimage to Mecca, practicingcontentment, describing horses, and the like.Abd al-Majid’s couplets (mathnavis) also deal with various themes. Thefirst mathnavi in his collection is about the invasion of Tabriz by MalekAshraf and Yaghibasti in 743 and the destruction and murder of itsLiterary Legacy of Abd al-Majid Tabrizi 37people. The second mathnavi recounts the poet’s pilgrimage to Meccain 754/1353 when he was 55 years old, and his return home duringwhich he saw the fantastic sites of KuhLur, Shul, and Kurd, and stayedin Shiraz for a while. The third mathnavi describes the serenity andverdurous nature of Tabriz, the poet’s hometown, when he is old. Thefourth, fifth, sixth and ninth mathnavis deal with the theme of blamingthe arrogant self, repentance of past deeds, complaining about the oldage, and seeking God’s asylum. The seventh mathnavi describes theHouse of God clad with black curtains, and the eighth mathnaviaddresses the month of spring and separation from the beloved.Sixty two quatrains (ruba’i) and single distiches (bayt) have come downto us from Abd al-Majid that also deal with the separation from andreunion with the beloved, blaming the arrogant self, disapproval ofworldly life, description of the beauty of the beloved, complainingabout the old age, praising God, longing to return to Tabriz from Shirazand the like.He followed poets like Unsuri, Anwari, Zahir Faryabi in his odes, andimitated Sa’di in his sonnets (ghazal). Contemporary poets like Hafizwere influenced by his poetry. He wrote his odes in eloquent languagefull of figurative devices and new poetic imagery. The most frequentlyused literary device in his poems is simile. His sonnets (ghazal), likethat of his contemporaries, mostly deal with the subject of love with atouch of mysticism.Although Abd al-Majid has praised several statesmen, commanders,and scholars of his time including Muiz al-Din Uways (739-776/1338-1374), Rukn al-Din Ala al-Dulah Simnani, and Delshad Khatun, hedoes not consider himself a panegyrist and believes that his poems dealmostly with morals and moral lessons.Abd al-Majid was born and brought up in Tabriz and he does not hidehis attachment to the city and its fantastic landscape with its high-risepalaces and mansions. He calls Tabriz dar al-aman (House of Safety)and dar al-Islam (House of Islam) in his poems and beautifullydescribes its natural geography for his readers.38 Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 71, Issue 238, Fall & Winter 2018- 2019His life, especially when he was 36, coincided with the decline of theMongol Ilkhanid rule and their appointed rulers in Iran. Heeyewitnessed many of the events that happened in Azerbaijan,especially in Tabriz and recounted them in his verse which are highlycreditable.There are three known manuscripts of Abd al-Majid’s Diwan:1. Manuscript of the Mellat Library in Istanbul. It was copied inthe first half of 9th/15thcentury and consists of 22 odes, 286sonnets, 1 refrained verse, 8 mathnavis, and 47 quatrains.2. Manuscript of the Halat Effendi Library in Istanbul in thecollection of Diwans kept under no. 699. It was copied in950/1543 by Murshid Amir Sheikh Katib Shirazi and consistsof 302 sonnets, 5 mathnavis, 53 quatrains, and 1 distich.3. Manuscript of the Library of Istanbul University in thecollection of Diwans kept under no. 485. It was copied in1307/1890 by Ibad Mirza Aqakhan Kirmani and consists of 303sonnets, 4 mathnavis, 53 quatrains, and 1 distich.In addition to these manuscripts, some of Abd al-Majid’s poems havebeen recorded in literary and historical sources including collection no.280 kept in the Chalabi Abdullah Library in Istanbul, Iskandar Mirza’sJung (Literary Anthology) kept in the British Library under no. 27261,and Majmu'ah-'i litafat va manzumah-'i zirafat kept in Cambridgeuniversity Library under no. 657.
Lyrical and Didactic Literature
Assadollah Vahed; Meisam Jafarian
Abstract
Perhaps there is no text like Divan-I Hafiz in which the author himself makes so much changes in it. In fact the main variants is the work of the poet himself who has developed the poem to literal and spiritual perfection. If we want to make a meaningful relationship between poetical aspects of Hafiz ...
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Perhaps there is no text like Divan-I Hafiz in which the author himself makes so much changes in it. In fact the main variants is the work of the poet himself who has developed the poem to literal and spiritual perfection. If we want to make a meaningful relationship between poetical aspects of Hafiz that is to say short of words, exemplifications in speech, the broken form of discourse, resemblances of the poet with predecessors and his contemporaries, the hypothesis that Hafiz has had frequent studies on others steady works is reinforced. Sometimes his variant transcriptions in his poems exist exactly in past literary texts and sometimes the difference in the transcriptions is at the result of different scientific sources which Hafiz has refered to them and meditated in them. As if, it is probable that one of the creative factors of this different variants is because of the Hafiz research texts themselves. Searching in intertextualities of Hafiz poems make it possible for reader the reasonable understanding of Hafiz mind and language and also the scientific and critical edition of his poem. Up until now, the Hagia Sophia manuscript -copied in 1410 AD- and the Khalkhali manuscript -copied in 1424 AD- have been considered as two head / base-text in the valid editions of the Divan-I Hafiz, By introduction and publishing facsimile edition of Noor Uthmaniya Library manuscript -copied in 1398-99 AD, it seems to be necessary the critical review / edition of this manuscript's readings compared to existing ones
Fiction Literature
Saeed Karimi qare baba
Abstract
The life and art of Farhad, the unfulfilled lover of Khosrow and Shirin's story, has always had the capacity to be interpreted in Persian literature and other languages in different and sometimes conflicting with the original spirit of the story. Farhad's continuous presence is not only limited to the ...
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The life and art of Farhad, the unfulfilled lover of Khosrow and Shirin's story, has always had the capacity to be interpreted in Persian literature and other languages in different and sometimes conflicting with the original spirit of the story. Farhad's continuous presence is not only limited to the field of poetry, but also extended to the field of drama. Hekmat wrote the play Shirin and Farhad with an eye to the Nizami’s works, and perhaps based on a local legend as well as some the principles of socialist realism. In this article, which has been done with analytical-descriptive method, we have first listed the macro-Marxist concepts that were influential in the development of this play. Opposing the institution of monarchy, heroizing and leading the masses, favoring the inferior people and emphasizing public love over private love are some of these opinions. Then we have followed the discussion about what are the characteristics of Farhad's character that Hikmat came to this story. Farhad's militant and revolutionary character, as well as his ambiguous and mysterious face in legends, along with his huge and heroic stature, have made him a suitable person for socialist payment. On the other hand, Farhad has a bright face in Turkish literature. Turks have taken this type from Persian literature and cultivated it in various forms. Farhad's influence in folk literature, having dramatic structures and having a hopeful ending are among the factors that probably made Hekmat interested in rewriting and turning this story into a play.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Khalil Kahrizi
Abstract
In correcting a text such as Shahnameh, not only it is necessary to distinguish the correct scripts from the incorrect ones and the original verses from the added ones, but also, it is special importance to find the correct position of the verses in the vertical axis of the word. The verse "قضا گفت ...
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In correcting a text such as Shahnameh, not only it is necessary to distinguish the correct scripts from the incorrect ones and the original verses from the added ones, but also, it is special importance to find the correct position of the verses in the vertical axis of the word. The verse "قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده/فلک گفت احسنت و مه گفت زه" has been mentioned in two places in Shahnameh with five other verses; once in Rostam's battle with Ashkboos and once in Bahram Choobin's war with Saveh Sking. In this article, we have tried to first show the status of this verse in the Shahnameh manuscripts. After that, we have tried to discuss its authenticity by pay attention to the situation of this verse in the manuscripts. Based on our researches, no solid reason has been provided so far for considering this verse as an appendix, and in addition to the unanimity of the manuscripts, one can also find a side confirmation of its authenticity in the collection of Homam Tabrizi. On the other hand, despite the fact that this verse is mentioned in twelve important manuscripts up to the ninth century AH, they do not have the oldest manuscript of Shahnameh and Senjozov manuscript, and Bondari has not translated it. Therefore, it is difficult to make a definite decision about it, and until we find a valid document, it is better to take it into the text in the grip of doubt.
Volume 69, Issue 234 , January 0, , Pages 0-0
Abstract
content of No 234
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content of No 234
Mousa Mahmoudzahi
Volume 68, Issue 232 , January 0, , Pages 169-185
Abstract
اسطورۀ خودمرکزی از مباحثِ جهانشمول است که در اساطیر ایران هم نمونههای آن به وضوح قابل مشاهده است. بر اساسِ این عقیدۀ اسطورهای، همۀ اقوام تلاش میکنند خود و داشتههای ...
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اسطورۀ خودمرکزی از مباحثِ جهانشمول است که در اساطیر ایران هم نمونههای آن به وضوح قابل مشاهده است. بر اساسِ این عقیدۀ اسطورهای، همۀ اقوام تلاش میکنند خود و داشتههای خود را نخستین، بزرگترین، بالاترین، بهترین، و ... معرفی کنند و تمام داشتههای دیگران را در ردههای پایینتر از آنِ خود جای دهند. به عبارت دیگر خود را اصل و دیگران را فرع، و یا خود را مرکز و دیگران را حاشیه قلمداد کنند. در این مقاله، ابتدا به 17 مورد از نمونههایِ این اعتقاد اسطورهای در اساطیر و ادبیاتِ ایران اشاره شده است. مثلاً آنان سرزمینِ اولیۀ خود «ایرانویج» را از نخستین و بهترین سرزمینها میدانند که نخستین انسانها در آن به وجود آمدهاند؛ «البرز» کوهِ اساطیریِ خود را کوهی میدانند که گرداگرد زمین را فراگرفته و تا فلکِ خورشید کشیده شده است، و ... . در بخش دوم، به سرچشمهها و پیامدهای حاصل از این اسطوره اشاره شده است. به نظر میآید این اسطوره از عواملی مانند کمالگرایی (نهایتاندیشی)، باورهایِ دینی، ملکوتی بودنِ انسان، نمادسازی، خودبزرگبینی، تجارب گذشته و عادتها، جهانبینیِ محدود، خودِ آگاه و ناآگاه، گشایشِ عقدههای حقارت، رازِ تنازعِ بقا، و اصلِ جاذبۀ عمومی سرچشمه میگیرد؛ و واقعی پنداشتنِ چیزهای غیرواقعی، قهرمانسازی، توتمسازی، محدودیت حق انتخاب، سالاریت (رئیسسالاری، پدر یا مادرسالاری، ...)، افزایش خوی استکباری، حماسهسازی، قومسازی، و مواردی مانند این از آثارِ آن است.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Nasim Azimipour; Ali Mohammadi
Abstract
Laṭā’if fi al-Uṣūl, the oldest versified Persian encyclopaedia from the late 13th century The poetic text Latâʾef fi al-Usul is the oldest surviving versified Persian encyclopaedia that was composed by Mohammad b. Mohammad Marqinâni, known by the title of Šams-e Dabirân, ...
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Laṭā’if fi al-Uṣūl, the oldest versified Persian encyclopaedia from the late 13th century The poetic text Latâʾef fi al-Usul is the oldest surviving versified Persian encyclopaedia that was composed by Mohammad b. Mohammad Marqinâni, known by the title of Šams-e Dabirân, in 696 AH/ 1297 CE. It comprises 4897 verses in the metre of Hazaj-e Mosaddas-e Mahzhuf. The main subjects that are covered in this work are principles of faith (including divine attributes, the theism of theosophical and pantheistic varieties, proofs of prophecy, scriptural miracles, etc.) and principles of poetry (including rhetorical figures, prosody and rhyme). The poet, who was among the literary and Sunni religious scholars of Transoxiana, composed his poetic work after a ten-year stay in Anatolia in his old age in order to guide his children. He dedicated it to the powerful Ilkhanid vizier, Sadr al-Din Ahmad Xâlediye Zanjâni, also known as Sadr-e Jahân (d. Rajab 697/ April-May 1298).In addition to introducing the work and its author, the present article focuses on identifying the author's sources in the chapter “Principles of Poetry”, and makes a comprehensive comparison between the topics considered in this chapter and those of similar older works such as Hadâʾeq al-Sehr fi Daqâʾeiq al-Šeʾr by Rašid al-Din Waṭwâṭ, al-Moʾjam fi Maʾâyīr ašʾâr al-ʾajam by Šams Qeys Râzi, Meʾyâr al-Ašʾâr by Nasīr al-Din al-Tusi and Orâzat al-ʾAruziyyin by Jamâl al-Din Mohammad Qarasši. It has been demonstrated that the author of Laṭâʾef did not make use of al-Moʾjam and Meʾyâr al-Ašʾâr, and for this reason, that is, because of its independence from these two pioneering works in explaining Persian prosody and rhyme, Laṭâʾef is one of the significant sources in this subject matter. In the section on rhetorical figures, the single source of Marqinâni was Hadâʾeq al-Sehr fi Daqâʾeiq al-Šeʾr by Rašid al-Din Waṭwâṭ.
rahman moshtaghmehr; aminah feizi
Volume 71, Issue 237 , September 2018, , Pages 185-210
Abstract
< p >Language, mysticism and nature Abstract: One of the new theories in field of linguistics is environmental linguistics, that addressing to the relation of thinking, language and the way of human interact with surrounding environment. Environmental linguistics emphasizes that language structures play ...
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< p >Language, mysticism and nature Abstract: One of the new theories in field of linguistics is environmental linguistics, that addressing to the relation of thinking, language and the way of human interact with surrounding environment. Environmental linguistics emphasizes that language structures play a significant role in creating environmental degradation. So, mystics are searching for stories, means useful mental models which can correct and reconcile human communication with nature. Because the mystics have a significant relationship with nature, the authors of the article reviewed the works of Boghli Shirazi, Baha Valad and Molavi from this perspective. The result of this review suggests that in mystic language, linguistic patterns can be developed as a useful model for the community, with the goal of introducing the universe and ontology of mystic, it can be used as a tool for solving environmental problems, in order to prove its effectiveness. Key words: mysticism, linguistics, environment a tool for solving environmental problems, in order to prove its effectiveness. Key words: mysticism, linguistics, environment
Kheirollah Mahmoodi; Shahnaz Baseri
Volume 70, Issue 236 , December 2017, , Pages 189-215
Abstract
Literature as a cultural mirror of every nation is the most reliable source that reflects customs, rituals, and beliefs of people intentionally. Undoubtedly, literature of our nation is among richest and brightest literatures as the human precious wealth. In addition of its unique historic features, ...
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Literature as a cultural mirror of every nation is the most reliable source that reflects customs, rituals, and beliefs of people intentionally. Undoubtedly, literature of our nation is among richest and brightest literatures as the human precious wealth. In addition of its unique historic features, Bihaghi History Book is one of the most precious literature sources. The source that as more we contemplate we do fascinate more and also we discovered its historical, cultural and…values. One of the cases that take attention of this pernicious heritage reader is precise mentioning and delicate attention of events, incidents and rituals and… of Masoud Ghaznavi government because of sharp attendance of Abolfazl Beihaghi at the central affairs of Masoud Court. Description of Mahmood Ghaznavi death and empowerment of Masoud is one of the main parts of this book. It is in this part that Beihaghi in describing Mahmood mourning rituals, despite that period costumes and rituals and even previous eras(according to its contemporary literature) by explaining white wearing of Masoud and his followers in Mahmood and Khalifa empowered by god mourning rituals. The costume that was completely oppose of other mourning descriptions in various Persian literatures up to writer s period. As if mourning and its specific features are one of the most significant characteristic of every nation customs and rituals, studying its causes and finding roots and origins of these differences is one of the main purposes of this research.
Fiction Literature
Ebrahim Ranjbar
Abstract
Living has overtly a clear concept, and man has always been attempting to understand this concept and its objective. However, revealing its reality has been roughly impossible so far. Novel literature shows that this type of genre pays special attention to the concept and objective of living. According ...
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Living has overtly a clear concept, and man has always been attempting to understand this concept and its objective. However, revealing its reality has been roughly impossible so far. Novel literature shows that this type of genre pays special attention to the concept and objective of living. According to this perspective, I have analyzed the novel “The Association of the Squalors” (first published in 1398 H.S) in measure and method of noticing the concept and objective of living. For the methodology, I have inferred the character's goals, aims, and ways of living from their statuses, beings, and behaviors and from the expressions and irony in the novel and illustrated how the author represents social life of the characters and their conception and goal of living. The results show that the novel represents with particular care some aspects of the social community through representing realities of their life. In this community, the preliminary needs of life like health, subsistence, housing, and employment has been damaging to the household. It has also overwhelmed the community in a way that they have rarely had the chance to think about the goals and upper grades of spirituality. Consequently, the concept and objective of living have been restricted to supplying the preliminary needs of life and this has been inferred as a pestilence for a community that ought to go ahead in developing great expectations and goals.
Yadoollah Nasroollahi; Atefe Jangali
Volume 69, Issue 233 , January 0, , Pages 201-218
Abstract
different areas and diverse perspectives have discussed around it. This paper, drawing upon related sources and using the psychological criticism and psychoanalysis, presents a new reading about this story. Psychological analysis and criticism of the story of Rostam and Sohrab deals with issues such ...
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different areas and diverse perspectives have discussed around it. This paper, drawing upon related sources and using the psychological criticism and psychoanalysis, presents a new reading about this story. Psychological analysis and criticism of the story of Rostam and Sohrab deals with issues such as anima, matriarchy, and the Oedipus Complex and the Irresponsibility Complex that are all the fundamental terms of Psychology and Psychoanalysis. At first, the paper examines the relationship between Tahmineh and anima, then links it with matriarchy in the context of history. Using psychological sources, it proves its own view. Then drawing on psychological criticism it studies the father and son conflict through the battle of Rostam and Sohrab, and discusses thematic and narrative similarities in other cultures. Eventually, drawing on the Irresponsibility Complex after the tricky victory of Rostam following Sohrab’s slaying that makes him guilty and inefficient, the paper attempts to foster and nurture champions like Siavash, Kkhosrow and Bahman in order form him to relieve and heal this feeling. This article has been written based on the views of three psychologists (Freud, Jung and Adler) and benefitted from a comparative method and comparative analysis and obtained the documents from the library and taking notes.
History of literature of Iran
Mahdi Zarghani
Abstract
When we speak about the tradition of Persian literary history often glances directed to the translation of European literary history books, which provided Persian-language literary historians with new approaches, methods and measures. Therefore, firstly, the book and secondly, the translation are considered ...
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When we speak about the tradition of Persian literary history often glances directed to the translation of European literary history books, which provided Persian-language literary historians with new approaches, methods and measures. Therefore, firstly, the book and secondly, the translation are considered two main variables in transferring the heritage of Maghreb to the territory of Persian language.However, firstly, much earlier than the translation of books opened the eyes of literary historians to new worlds, press articles assumed this important role, and secondly, the efforts of this field in the three genres of translation, authorship and translation - They were writing. The main question of the article is formed at this point:What was the role of the historical verse articles that were published in Kaveh newspaper in transferring the western heritage and how? Other questions such as which figures were more effective and what was the relationship between their works and the dominant discourses of the society at that time?
Literary theories
Assadollah Vahed; mohamad ali karamfar
Abstract
The Safavid era is one of the most important periods in the history of Persian language and literature, and valuable works of poets and cultural geography literature of this period have been remembered. The cultural sphere of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia was more important in this era, and ...
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The Safavid era is one of the most important periods in the history of Persian language and literature, and valuable works of poets and cultural geography literature of this period have been remembered. The cultural sphere of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia was more important in this era, and the contribution of Indian scholars in the field of vocabulary, criticism and linguistics was sometimes greater than that of Iranian writers. One of the most prominent literary figures of the subcontinent, Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan Arzoust, who has rendered valuable services to Persian literature by composing more than twenty works. Fruitful is one of his valuable works. In this book, Arezoo talks about linguistic issues, phonological processes of exchange, heart, decrease and increase of phonology, and Iranian acquisitions in Arabic and Hindi words. In writing this work, he has commented on the book of Al-Muzahar Suyuti. Arezoo is one of the pioneers in the field of linguistics and one of the first to realize the harmony between Persian and Hindi. This work is a chapter on the compatibility and agreement of Persian and Arabic, Persian and Hindi and Tafris, and the compatibility of Persian and Hindi words has been studied from various angles, and in addition, throughout this work, several words are used according to the issues raised. In this article, the authors intend to provide the audience with a perspective on the mechanisms of Persian and Hindi language by presenting evidence to the audience.
Davood Vaseghi Khundai; Mahdi Malek Sabet; Mohammad Kazem Kahdooi
Volume 70, Issue 235 , January 0, , Pages 205-229
Abstract
After believing in the unity of Allah, the issue of “Saint and Sanctity” was one the most important and complex controversies in Mysticism and Islamic Sufism. From the beginning of its development, this school of thought tried to explain and address this topic through citing words of revelation ...
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After believing in the unity of Allah, the issue of “Saint and Sanctity” was one the most important and complex controversies in Mysticism and Islamic Sufism. From the beginning of its development, this school of thought tried to explain and address this topic through citing words of revelation from Quran, the Sunnah and hadiths from the Prophet (peace be upon him) and his family. In this article, the views of Sultan Wald regarding saint and sanctity were inspected. The result points to the fact that Sultan Walad, the true meaning of sanctity is seeing Allah and so he believed that only those who reached this stage deserve being a saint. In his thought, saints are considered as heirs of prophets and so it becomes necessary for followers of Allah to seek refuge to them in order to protect themselves from tricks of self-carnality and dangers in the way of reaching Allah. Although following the saints in order to reach Allah is a very important issue, knowing them is even harder than knowing Allah. Moreover, he divided the saints to several groups such as “arrogant and humble” and “eminent and concealed”. He believed that even though the saints are nearest to Allah, they have different degrees and grades. Further, Sultan Walad, considered the Pole as the king of saints and the ultimate purpose of the creation.
Lyrical and Didactic Literature
Ziba Ghalavandi; Mohsen Noorpisheh Ghadimi
Abstract
The image as part of the message is the affect intermediate between the speaker and the audience. Examining the components of the image and its impact on the audience can inform us about the amount of emotion and affection of the poet; The diversity and dynamism of the image leads to its permanence in ...
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The image as part of the message is the affect intermediate between the speaker and the audience. Examining the components of the image and its impact on the audience can inform us about the amount of emotion and affection of the poet; The diversity and dynamism of the image leads to its permanence in the minds of the audience and, as a result, conveying more affection. The diversity of the image, on the one hand, shows that the speaker has experienced it with all his senses, and on the other hand, it enables the audience to receive the message with various sensory receptors. In the present paper, we first review the theories related to affection, image, demilitarization, and their interactions with each other and with the audience; Then, a variety of verbal, visual and vocal images, cinematic images, and transformation in the vertical axis of imagination, identification through the image as well as the components of the image, such as verbs, the image of words and colors, and their connection with Rumi’s affection and emotion in Shams' sonnets are investigated.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Hamid Jafari Ghariyeh Ali
Abstract
"Five Plays" written by Mirza Agha Tabrizi is one of the first plays in Persian literature. It shows the corruption in Nasserite period with a humorous tone. Despite the lack of unity of time, place and subject, these plays are important because they contain some historical facts. The status and validity ...
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"Five Plays" written by Mirza Agha Tabrizi is one of the first plays in Persian literature. It shows the corruption in Nasserite period with a humorous tone. Despite the lack of unity of time, place and subject, these plays are important because they contain some historical facts. The status and validity of the dialectic element in plays is an important factor influencing the presence of colloquial expressions in this type of literature. In folk literary texts, the grammatical and lexical structures of the vernacular language are the focal point due to their prominence. According to their capabilities, these structures sometimes explicitly (sometimes ironically) depict images of social realities, which are criticized by the author. This descriptive-analytical research investigates the words and expressions of pop culture that increase the theatrical capacity of narratives and also effectively reflects social situations. According to the findings, in Mirza Agha Tabrizi's plays, grammatical elements, ironies, adjectives, language in Five Plays by Mirza Agha Tabrizi is purposeful. The purposeful presence of marked popular words directs narrative reports, social critique and fluent style of the author.adverbs and verbs derived from popular culture (with high frequency) are recurrent. Due to its transparency and communicative capability in theatricality of plays, they can be of help to the author. Therefore, it can be said that marked word choice of colloquial
Contemporary Poetry of Iran
Naser Naseri; Sakineh Sherafati
Abstract
The Use of Vocabularies in Symphony of the Deadby Abbass Maroufi: from the language and Gender PerspectivesNaser Naseri1/ Sakineh Sharafati21 Assistant professor of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic AzadUniversity, Khouy Branch, Khouy, Iran (corresponding author), E-mail:nasernaseri43@gmail.com2 ...
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The Use of Vocabularies in Symphony of the Deadby Abbass Maroufi: from the language and Gender PerspectivesNaser Naseri1/ Sakineh Sharafati21 Assistant professor of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic AzadUniversity, Khouy Branch, Khouy, Iran (corresponding author), E-mail:nasernaseri43@gmail.com2 M.A student of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University,Khouy Branch, Khouy, Iran, E-mail: shahdeadab@gmail.comAbstractLanguage is considered as one of the fundamental elements in fiction writing.One of the important issues in investigating language is paying attention tothe relationship between gender and language. Most researchers believe thatthere is a significant difference between the men and the women language andwriting. This article aimed at examining men and women language differencesin the scope of the use of vocabularies from language and gender perspectivesin the "Symphony of the Dead" written by Abbass Maroufi. The authors havetried to analyze the differences in the vocabularies used by women and menin this novel including variables such as color words, taboo words (vulgar andnon-vulgar), swear words, affirmations , moderators, imperative andauthoritative words, affective traits and words in the dialogues among thenovel characters according to the linguistic scientific rules. Although AbbassMaroufi has created a language proportionate with his protagonists’ gender,he has not succeeded in the creation of a language proportional with hisprotagonists in some cases due to inattention to the scientific findings ofsociolinguists, especially in terms of the relationships between language andgender.Keywords: Abbass Maroufi, “Symphony of the Dead”, gender, malelanguage, female language40 Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 71, Issue 238, Fall & Winter 2018- 2019Abbass Maroufi, as a contemporary fiction writer, playwright andjournalist, was born on May 17th, 1957in Sangsar, Semnan. He studieddramatic arts at Tehran University. “Sociolinguistics is a field whichstudies the relationship between the language and the society and also,the relationship between the linguistic usage and social structures(Trudgill, 1976:1)”. One of the fundamental issues in sociolinguisticsis gender. In this research, the dialogues among the protagonists in thisnovel have been studied in terms of language and gender in the scopeof vocabularies including variables such as taboo words (vulgar andnon-vulgar), swear words, affirmations , moderators, imperative andauthoritative words, affective traits and words. Taboo words areunpleasant and violent ones the use of which is considered rude andindecent in the society. Linguists believe that women tend to use politeand cultured forms of language innately and in contrary, men tend touse taboo words. The statistics show that women use taboo words muchless than men, i.e. 12.7% for women and 87.3% for men. Swear wordsare phrases that a speaker uses for more emphasis, when it is probablethat the hearer considers them with doubt. The results of the researchby Gom (1981) indicated that, contrary to the common belief, men usethe swear words more than women. The studies showed that men swearwith 19 swear words compared with women with 3 swear words, andthe color words used by women are more diluted than the ones used bymen. The color words employed by women are 70% higher than thoseused by men as 30%. These findings are consistent with the linguisticstheories. Moderators are linguistic forms that express the speaker’suncertainty. The frequency of the application of these words in maledialogues is 75% and it is 25% in female dialogues, contrary to theLakoff and Fishman and other linguistics research results. Themoderators have not been used correctly in the dialogues among thecharacters in this novel. The writer could not have used the moderatorsproportionate with the characters gender. Affirmations (shortresponses) are phrases depicting the positive attention of the hearer tothe speaker. Examining the affirmations in this novel showed that themake characters have used 80% and the female characters have used20% affirmations.Linguists describe the male language as authoritative and imperativeand the female language as supportive and participatory. Theauthoritative language data in this novel depict that the maleauthoritative language use was 75% and the female one was 25% andThe Use of Vocabularies in Symphony of the Dead… 41the writer has succeeded in the application of the authoritative andimperative forms consistent with the linguists’ theories.ConclusionAbbass Maroufi, the writer of the Symphony of the Dead, has beensuccessful in use of taboo words, swear words, color words andauthoritative and imperative language and this application is consistentwith the linguistic studies; however, he was unsuccessful in theapplication of the variables of moderators and affirmations andconsistency with the linguists standards.