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Contemporary Poetry of Iran
Mahsa AmjadiTanouraghaj; Ebrahim Eqbali
Abstract
This paper gives an insight to aesthetics from the viewpoint of conceptual metaphor theory to analyze the aesthetics in the poetry of Sohrab Sepehri. With regard to Ullmann’s hierarchy of senses some of cognitive science researchers have considered aesthetics as a type of conceptual metaphors; ...
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This paper gives an insight to aesthetics from the viewpoint of conceptual metaphor theory to analyze the aesthetics in the poetry of Sohrab Sepehri. With regard to Ullmann’s hierarchy of senses some of cognitive science researchers have considered aesthetics as a type of conceptual metaphors; like in a conceptual metaphor, where a concrete conceptual domain is mapped to an abstract one in order to clarify and enrich it, in aesthetics, elements regarding weaker senses are mapped to the domain of stronger senses to give a richer understanding of concepts.
This paper tries to review frequent aesthetic constructs in Sepehri’s poetry with an analytical method to show the embodiment implied in his apparently abstract work. Investigating multiple poems of Sepehri show that almost all of his aesthetic constructs are instances of conceptual metaphors. In other words, all his aesthetic constructs give embodiments of abstract concepts and thus, his poetry is genuinely embodied and earthly, despite its abstract appearance.
Fiction Literature
Karam Nayebpour; Naghmeh Varghaiyan
Abstract
Emotion is one of the shared properties between fictional characters and real people. The manner and extent of representation of emotion in narrative affects the extent to which readers relate to the storyworld and determines their interpretation of the narrative meaning. In realist fiction, emotions ...
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Emotion is one of the shared properties between fictional characters and real people. The manner and extent of representation of emotion in narrative affects the extent to which readers relate to the storyworld and determines their interpretation of the narrative meaning. In realist fiction, emotions plays a decisive role in narrative characterization. Fariba Vafi’s After the End is one of the examples. The plot in Vafi’s narrative is primarily based on the role of a sense of intimacy or empathy in how friendships between the main characters begin and end. By using a retrospective narrative method, Vafi’s novel narrates the process of the narrator’s introspection in relation to the reasons for the breakdown of her relationship with an old friend. Thus, the narration of the first person singular in Vafi’s novel can be considered as the narrator’s account of the evolution of her feelings and attitudes in regard to a past relationship. Drawing on the interdisciplinary approach of the emotion and narrative, which is a sub-branch of postclassical narratology, this paper examines the role of emotion, especially the role of intimacy or empathy in After the End. The essay has reached the conclusion that the narrative plot in Vafi’s novel is based on representation of human-like emotions such as intimacy and/or empathy. Such a familiar feature expands the reader’s feeling of empathy with the two central characters and also increases the narrative impact on the reader by facilitating his closer connection with the represented events and situations.
Volume 72, Issue 240 , February 2020
Sufism and Mysticism
Rahman Moshtaqhmehr; mahnaz nezamianbaran
Abstract
In addition to the existence of a considerable number of quatrains of previous poets among the quatrains attributed to Rumi, there are also quatrains in his Diwan that Rumi paid attention to and took inspiration from the quatrains of them. Sometimes he quoted a verse or stanza from others quatrains and ...
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In addition to the existence of a considerable number of quatrains of previous poets among the quatrains attributed to Rumi, there are also quatrains in his Diwan that Rumi paid attention to and took inspiration from the quatrains of them. Sometimes he quoted a verse or stanza from others quatrains and in many cases he followed the structure of the quatrains of his predecessors. In this research, by examining and comparing the quatrains of Rumi with the existing and available quatrains of previous poets, the sources of inspiration and influence of Rumi from the quatrains of the previous poets were determined to some extent. In contemporary literary criticism, in the context of the relationship of one text with other texts, this category of Molana's quatrains in Genet's theory of intertextuality is placed in two areas of non-explicit and implicit intertextuality and is adaptable with it. Rumi has been inspired by many previous poets in his quatrains, but the main sources of his inspiration in his quatrains belong to poets such as Sanai, Ohaduddin Kermani, Attar and Khayyam Neishaburi.
Sufism and Mysticism
reza aghayarizahed; naser nikoubakht; hoseinali ghobadi; saied bozorgbighdeli
Abstract
After the composition of the great work of Molavi called “Masnavi”, different explanations have been proposed for it by different scholars through the pass of time. Currently we can observe the viewpoints of different literary writers and through comparing their views we can understand ...
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After the composition of the great work of Molavi called “Masnavi”, different explanations have been proposed for it by different scholars through the pass of time. Currently we can observe the viewpoints of different literary writers and through comparing their views we can understand that: up to now there have been very varied outlooks towards the verses in Masnavi in explanations approaches utilized by the different thought schools. As we investigated about the word “Rostam” known as one of the six symbols of the myths proposed in descriptions of Masnavi, proposed by Forouzanfar, Shahidi, Jaafari, Estelami, Zamani, and Golbinarly we found the response for the question that what was the outlook of those who explained Masnavi encountering myth symbols. Although in Masnavi, Rostam is often known as a complete humane sample because he is believed to be a national hero and Malavi has put him next to Imam Ali (PBUH) and Hamzeh, prophet’s uncle, the results of studies show that the explaining scholars have noticed the role of myth symbols only partially and they have not mentioned anything about the mythology history of Rostam. They have translated the verses related to Rostam colloquially and did not considered the myth and mystic characteristics of him. On the whole they have ignored to refer Rostam as an epic hero which the symbol of a complete human in the thoughts of Molavi.
Sufism and Mysticism
zahra hatampour; atamohammad radmanesh; mahboubeh khorasani
Abstract
Any text linkes to the mind of the audience and the world by paratextualites. Nafahat ol-ons is including Jami's prose works which has the ability to be survey paratextuality. In this research, Nafahat ol-ons's paratextualites were identified and divided into two categories according to the genette's ...
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Any text linkes to the mind of the audience and the world by paratextualites. Nafahat ol-ons is including Jami's prose works which has the ability to be survey paratextuality. In this research, Nafahat ol-ons's paratextualites were identified and divided into two categories according to the genette's theory and investigated. The outer and inner elements of paratextualite in Nafahat ol-ons have been formed proportionally and fit with main text. On one side, each of these paratextualites deep down the audience's understanding and realizing and on the other side guide the audience how to use this work. Different people have created this elements, including author, scribe, publisher, editor and andandother critics, researchers and writers that of all these, author and editor have a great role in thetext readings. Also critics, researchers and writers have presented other paratextualites in various formats, have provided the possible of more communication with the text and its advertising and criticism. The maximum number and most important outer paratextualites of Nafahat ol-ons related to the time that this book was written.
Fiction Literature
saeed hatami; reza bardestani; Hamid Jafari Qarye ali
Abstract
AbstractTrilogy is one of the oldest genres in dramatic literature and Western fiction. Famous writers from ancient Greece to the present have created phenomena; that literary criticism community, considering specific criteria and strong configuration, in terms of definitions and examples, has known ...
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AbstractTrilogy is one of the oldest genres in dramatic literature and Western fiction. Famous writers from ancient Greece to the present have created phenomena; that literary criticism community, considering specific criteria and strong configuration, in terms of definitions and examples, has known them as trilogy. In recent years, this genre has entered the Persian fiction literature, and in the form of screenplays, short story collections, and novels, a few phenomena whose most important phenomena of fiction are the subject of this article, it has emerged in this direction. Since trilogy is new in Iran, and Iranian scholars have not explained its nature and criteria, this research tries, the degree of conformity of these phenomena with the trilogy writing coordinates found in the valid definitions of this genre; also reflect on the famous and index trilogy such as "Oresteia" by Achilles and "Three Colors" by Kieslowski. Based on the findings of this study, the Iranian authors of these phenomena did not have a comprehensive and coherent idea in your mind of the trilogy concept and its coordinates and criteria; therefore, their phenomena can be considered more or less trilogy with tolerance, and basically none of them are fully qualified in this area.
Literary theories
Malihe hadidi; shahrbanoo sahabi; Jalil Amirpour Daryani
Abstract
Mystical – Old pattern criticism is one of modern critical surveys , which it was changed during 20th century by presenting Young’s theories. One of methods for Young’s criticism proponents in analysis narrative literature texts is investigating Pirang’s stories and examples with ...
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Mystical – Old pattern criticism is one of modern critical surveys , which it was changed during 20th century by presenting Young’s theories. One of methods for Young’s criticism proponents in analysis narrative literature texts is investigating Pirang’s stories and examples with Old pattern events. In current study , we have been investigated Physician Borzooyeh unique character , his mental evolution as a narrative hero , reality follower human with Old pattern criticism and new method with 2 consequences of Pirang’s. Borzooyeh ( Hero) life according to pagoda consequence during first and second life stages was accompanied with mental challenges and adventure. (Midlife crisis) He researched about religion follower and life correct path selection in mental struggle stage and also he avoided medical science ( mask) and prevented moral rogues ( shadow) and he chose good actions and virtue regarding and he went to India dangerous trip( unconscious) by inviting Anooshiravan ( ambassador) and Pirang’s conduct. He searched books ( growth and totality ) in special territory and by helping assistant and guidance of trustworthy friend ( Old wise) achieved Indian books treasure and he gifted their for territory people. In returning to Iran ; trip cycle was completed from own to himself and he proved mental evolution by refusing of award acceptance and he showed himself individuality and mental growth complete process and he reached to supreme and amplitude degree.
Contemporary Poetry of Iran
behzad khajat
Abstract
Postmodernism is one of the latest literary schoolsand it is to some extent the latest stylistic evolutionwhich has happened in today’s literature. This school coincides with some political and social changes in the Seventieth solar decades in Iran, and mostly entered into the literary works, through ...
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Postmodernism is one of the latest literary schoolsand it is to some extent the latest stylistic evolutionwhich has happened in today’s literature. This school coincides with some political and social changes in the Seventieth solar decades in Iran, and mostly entered into the literary works, through the translation of theoretical texts and it attracted the attention of a number of poets and commentators. Although this movement is completely new and fresh,it is strange and intangible among some critics and audiences, especially because those kinds of literary works could not be definedby standard works of their kind. This article attempts to discussand understand what has happened in modern poetry, called Postmodernism. So to clarify the complexities and strangeness of the movement in Iran, Linguistic, Semantic, Aesthetic, and Form,in some literary works were taken into deep consideration.And then for further explanation, examples of poets attributed to this movement (mentionedby magazines and genealogy books and critics) were mentioned. This research has shown that, to understand the original examples of post-modern movement, there is a need for a new definition in the field of poetic elements, because some of the topics mentioned do not have a precedent in Persian poetry.
Contemporary Poetry of Iran
masoud dehghani
Abstract
AbstractIraj Mirza and Ahmed Shawqi have many similarities in terms of artistic personality.One of these is the impact of the La Fontaine's fables. Both Iraje Nira and Shawqi have produced numerous poems following La Fontaine's fables that there are some similarities and differences. Iraj Mirza is one ...
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AbstractIraj Mirza and Ahmed Shawqi have many similarities in terms of artistic personality.One of these is the impact of the La Fontaine's fables. Both Iraje Nira and Shawqi have produced numerous poems following La Fontaine's fables that there are some similarities and differences. Iraj Mirza is one of the great poets who in the constitutional era gave successful translations of the La Fontaine's fables. In his poem "The Crow and the Fox" he used his artistic ability to translate native and Persian elements into his poem by making numerous changes and created independent poetry. Iraj Mirza's translation of the poems of La Fontaine is one of the main manifestations of modernity in the themes of Persian poetry that it has a variety of features in the localization of vocabulary, themes and imagination. Studying each of these cases will be very helpful in analyzing the course of comparative literature in Iran. Shawqi, on the other hand, has opened new doors to Arab poetry by deepening the work of renowned Arab poets and influencing European literature, especially France. Some of Shawqi's poems quoted from the animal language come from his successful works. Shawqi became proficient in the art with the influence of La Fontaine.
Lyrical and Didactic Literature
ali shahlazadeh; mir jalil akrami
Abstract
The extent and depth of the lyric literature concepts along with the examples variety of this literary genre in the area of Persian literature are considered as the most outstanding features of Persian language and literature.While the creation of other literary genres (epic and didactic) has shown weaknesses ...
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The extent and depth of the lyric literature concepts along with the examples variety of this literary genre in the area of Persian literature are considered as the most outstanding features of Persian language and literature.While the creation of other literary genres (epic and didactic) has shown weaknesses in some periods of history, lyric literature has been encountered with growing attention and increasing evolution.But what it takes to understand the various aspects of this literary genre as a point of ambiguity has the sufficiency to express and research about is that under what constraints lyric prose works are impressively low in number comparing to forms and types of its poetry.The lack of a determined and proposed theory in the case of Persian prose method makes it difficult to find an answer to this question.Therefore, it was attempted foremost by referring to prose works and books related to writing principles and rules to elicit some of the definitions and criteria of Persian prose, so by the way of setting the necessity of providing the lyric words and the frameworks of Persian prose essays against each others, the theoretical impediments to the growth and development of prose lyric works become more clear.Since the present study focuses on theoretical components, the literary criticism and analysis of lyric prose texts and fragments are neglected and four theoretical factors were introduced as possible contributing factors to lyric prose deficit in Persian literature.
Fiction Literature
zahra koushki; mohammad khosravishakib; roozbeh mohammad reza; safiyeh moradkhani
Abstract
Abstract"Absolutism" is a thought that is rooted in various factors such as ideal poverty, materialism, lack of purpose, death of thought, failures, etc. Some " empty formalism" and " nihilism " even the same idea, but the reality is that the mean difference of the overlapping, consider a man absurd ...
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Abstract"Absolutism" is a thought that is rooted in various factors such as ideal poverty, materialism, lack of purpose, death of thought, failures, etc. Some " empty formalism" and " nihilism " even the same idea, but the reality is that the mean difference of the overlapping, consider a man absurd oriented, value for the purpose of fall Not , but the nihilism essentially no value or purpose .In the contemporary writers, Sadegh Hedayat people like the writer of Iranian intellectuals and Samuel Beckett writer which entitles him " father Khvandە Po Chi " is called , the message afferent philosophy of emptiness are . The aim of the authors in this paper , the investigated adaptive" empty formalism "in the works of the famous writer These two emphasis on two well-known work of the name of" Malone Dies" and "Owl blind " is .Type of study ,descriptive - analytic and method of data collection ,library and taking advantage of books by two authors and the content . The contents of the collection of the analysis indicate that the authors of the intellectually addition to the similarity of a lot of thought ,differences that have ,both to the impact of the Surrealist school, imitation and the thoughts and fancies himself the world of the absurd and despair Misty shows up ,with the difference that the ideas Beckett in this story more " absurd philosophical " ideas and guiding opinions " nihilists are " close
Sufism and Mysticism
marziyeh golfeshani; ghodratallah taheri
Abstract
The concept of representation and the ability of literary texts in representing historical events have been long focused in literary studies. The process of shaping narration in historical events should be considered in studying the historical anecdotes, the ones with the focus on historical characters ...
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The concept of representation and the ability of literary texts in representing historical events have been long focused in literary studies. The process of shaping narration in historical events should be considered in studying the historical anecdotes, the ones with the focus on historical characters or events that have presented the history in a different style by applying magical, miraculous or symbolic elements in representing historical happenings. Therefore presenting a new perspective to anecdotes of gnostic texts in order to clarify the process of inverting these events into story and making these characters literal will find special importance. The narration of Hussein Ebne Mansour Hallaj can be considered as a successful model of literary representation of one historical event and revival of one historical character in a gnostic text in which representing Attar’s destiny has been converted in to a single artistic effect apart from its historical aspect. In this text, following a reference to the place of representation concept in literary studies and analyzing the artistic representation of historical events, sorting and analysis of these anecdotes in Attar’s Tazkirat al- Awliya has been done through using a definition for historical narration. The result of this text reveals that Attar has tried to make clarifications about his targeted gnostic discourse by using historical events and converting them into series of literary anecdotes and narrations.
History of literature of Iran
farzad mohammadi; mohammad hakimazar; asghar rezaporian
Abstract
Halimi Shirvani is an anonymous poet in the early tenth century. There is no exact information about his life except a little information obtained from various biographies especially his poetry. Due to the various and little information, biographers have made some mistakes about Halimi who has written ...
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Halimi Shirvani is an anonymous poet in the early tenth century. There is no exact information about his life except a little information obtained from various biographies especially his poetry. Due to the various and little information, biographers have made some mistakes about Halimi who has written about culture and the owner of Bahr al-gharayeb. It is clear that he was one of the Indian-style poets who was born in Shirvan in the early tenth century, traveled to Gilan and Qazvin, and then migrated to Levant in the middle of his life. Halimi's poetical works include more than 6550 verses, which have not yet been reviewed and corrected, and its only copy is kept in the Lala Ismail Library in Turkey. These poetical works include qasida, ode (ghazal), quatrain (ruba’i), fragment (qit’a) as well as six epistles and three poems. His poetical works show that Halimi had been able to compose artifact poem, odes without dot, mystery and chronogram. He is an iconoclastic and a norm deviation poet; as he has repeatedly called himself "the inventor" of a kind of ode or a special manner. The present article introduces this anonymous and prolific poet as well as reviews his cognitive style features and poetic themes.
Fiction Literature
hasan zolfagari; maryam moghaddami
Abstract
Emotional divorce is among the social crises that insidiously threaten the modern family stability. Emotional poverty in marital relationship interferes with the role of the family in providing the family health, and consequently the social health. A few fictional works observe, alongside representing ...
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Emotional divorce is among the social crises that insidiously threaten the modern family stability. Emotional poverty in marital relationship interferes with the role of the family in providing the family health, and consequently the social health. A few fictional works observe, alongside representing the social events, the emotional divorce. The present paper studies the two family-oriented base on emotional divorce and Literary, Linguistic and Sociological characteristics following an interpretative research method and combining the issues extracted from them. These fictional works including My Bird and The Dream of Tibet (by Fariba Vafi), which have been selected due to their family-oriented nature, their popularity, and the numerous awards they have won. Emotional divorce has been analyzed at the literary level according to the story elements (Subject, Tem, Character, Dialogue, Atmosphere, Conflict). At the linguistic level has been studied and at Sociological level has been identified and studied causes and consequences of emotional divorce. The studies show that the low level of verbal and emotional relationship, Lack of empathy, feeling lonely, Husband's Failure in Family Commitments are the main factor in causing emotional divorce and the concealment, adaptation, leaving home, Inclination to the opposite sex are the female characters' primary strategies for dealing with emotional divorce.
Fiction Literature
zeinab nazari; mohammadali mahmoodi; mohammad amir mashhadi
Abstract
Climate stories often reflect commonalities and elements such as culture, beliefs and customs of a geographical area.One of the five areas of Iranian climatic writing is the West Climatic or Kermanshah climatic field, which has an independent identity and its history is almost as old as modern Iranian ...
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Climate stories often reflect commonalities and elements such as culture, beliefs and customs of a geographical area.One of the five areas of Iranian climatic writing is the West Climatic or Kermanshah climatic field, which has an independent identity and its history is almost as old as modern Iranian fiction.Kermanshah climate is pioneering in creating labor literature and reflecting human rights equality ideas And it has played a major role in the novel.In this descriptive-analytical study, material and spiritual elements of culture such as language, words and idioms, poems and proverbs, food and clothing, etc.Like most writers in Kermanshah, Yunsi chose the style of realism for his novels. Qualitatively analyzed in the works of Ibrahim Younesi, one of the prominent figures of Iranian climatic literature. And the analysis is over.The studies revealed that the main features of the West's climatic features in the Younesian novels were that his novels were considered among the finest works of Western climate literature.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
ali hashemzadeh; hamidreza farzi; ali dehghan
Abstract
One of the ways of life continuation of the myths is their modification into tale or story, especially vulgar tales. One of such stories is “Gol & NoWrouz” of “Khajooy-e-Kermani” in which one can notice the ancient myths and legends. In this paper, the mythical deep structure ...
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One of the ways of life continuation of the myths is their modification into tale or story, especially vulgar tales. One of such stories is “Gol & NoWrouz” of “Khajooy-e-Kermani” in which one can notice the ancient myths and legends. In this paper, the mythical deep structure of this story has been scrutinized based on familiarization (social acquaintance) rituals and symbols. The authors of this paper assume that one can notice the traces of familiarization ceremonies and rituals in the deep structure of these stories. According to this pre-assumption and by analyzing the contents of these types of stories, adjustability of these stories with familiarization ceremonies has been proved. One can notice most of the elements and ceremony phases of familiarization such as isolation, separation, death, rebirth, enlightenment on the tree foot and hard tests (torture) of the knowledgeable old person (guide) in these stories In addition to these, there are other symbolic elements and ancient patterns which are connected with the main theme (familiarization) and they have been analyzed accordingly
Sufism and Mysticism
اسداله Vahed; Hadi Sadeghi; Mohammad Mahdipour; Ebrahim Ranjbar
Abstract
«احمد یسوی» یکی از مشایخ مشهور و تأثیرگذار در خطّۀ ترکستان در قرن ششم بوده است. حرکت صوفیانه و سلوک عرفانی وی به نام «یسویّه» در جهان اسلام شهرت یافته است که ...
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«احمد یسوی» یکی از مشایخ مشهور و تأثیرگذار در خطّۀ ترکستان در قرن ششم بوده است. حرکت صوفیانه و سلوک عرفانی وی به نام «یسویّه» در جهان اسلام شهرت یافته است که در اسلامی شدن آناتولی نقش مهمی ایفا کردهاست و با فراز و نشیبهایی در آسیای صغیر حیات داشته است. یسویّه به عنوان اولین طریقتی تلقّی میشود که در میان ترکان پدید آمد؛ این جریان دینی ابتدا در شهر «یسی» یا «ترکستان» پدیدآمد و سپس آوازۀ آن کل ماوراءالنّهر را درنوردید و در آسیای صغیر نیز گسترش یافت. اهمّیّت اصلی طریقت یسویّه از این منظر است که توانست متناسب با سطح اندیشه، زبان و فرهنگِ ترکمانان، از ترکستان تا آناتولی، عقاید عرفانی و آداب و اصول صوفیانهشان را اشاعه و تبلیغ کند و با استفاده از اشعار عامیانۀ آهنگینی که ریشه در روح ملّی و آداب آن قوم داشت، روح بسیط و بیآلایش آنها را مجذوب اسلام و تصوّف کند و در نهایت فرهنگ و اجتماع آسیای صغیر را آمادۀ ورود و پذیرش آرای فرقههای مختلفی که اغلب آنها اصل خراسانی داشت، گرداند. با توجه به اینکه تاکنون تحقیقی در مورد نقد و بررسی آراء و آدابِ یسویّه و گسترش این طریقت در آسیای صغیر صورت نپذیرفتهاست. نگارندگان این پژوهش برآنند که با استناد به آثار مکتوب و منسوبِ شخصِ احمد یسوی، به شرح و تفسیر عقاید صوفیانه و آداب طریقت یسویّه و تطبیق آنها با تصوّف خراسان بپردازند تا از این طریق ماهیّت عرفانی و تأثیر فرهنگی و فکری این طریقت در آسیای صغیر آشکار و مشخّص شود.
