Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی
Authors
1 Ph.D. student of Farsi language and literature of Sistan and Baluchestan University. Iran
2 , Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature, University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Iran
3 Associate Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature, University of Sistan and Baluchestan. Iran
Abstract
Climate stories often reflect commonalities and elements such as culture, beliefs and customs of a geographical area.One of the five areas of Iranian climatic writing is the West Climatic or Kermanshah climatic field, which has an independent identity and its history is almost as old as modern Iranian fiction.Kermanshah climate is pioneering in creating labor literature and reflecting human rights equality ideas And it has played a major role in the novel.In this descriptive-analytical study, material and spiritual elements of culture such as language, words and idioms, poems and proverbs, food and clothing, etc.Like most writers in Kermanshah, Yunsi chose the style of realism for his novels. Qualitatively analyzed in the works of Ibrahim Younesi, one of the prominent figures of Iranian climatic literature. And the analysis is over.The studies revealed that the main features of the West's climatic features in the Younesian novels were that his novels were considered among the finest works of Western climate literature.
Highlights
Reflection of Climatic Elements in the Stories of Ibrahim Younesi
Zeinab Nazari (PHD student)
Mohammadali Mahmoudi (Associate Professor of University of Sistan and Baluchestan)
Mohammadamir Mashhadi(Associate Professor of University of Sistan and Baluchestan)
Abstract:
Climate stories often reflect common features and elements such as the culture, beliefs, customs and traditions of a geographical area.Prominent novelists in the Western climate, in addition to the many effects of climatic conditions, were strongly influenced by the political climate and did their best to express their professional themes;one of these writers is Ibrahim Younesi, who, given his birthplace and life and the atmosphere of his novels, is interested in his appointment to the "Western School or Kermanshah".. Younesi is one of the writers who, due to his political leanings, chooses the village space for his stories in which he can clearly express his political views.In this research, using descriptive-analytical method, climatic characteristics and material and spiritual cultural elements such as language, beliefs, customs, architecture, food and clothing, etc. have been analyzed in the works of Ibrahim Younesi.
Keywords: Literature, Climatic Elements, Kermanshah, Younesi
Discussion
1-Local language and dialect
1-1-Local words
Among the climatic features of Younesi’s stories, the use of words and terms has the highest frequency, which has highlighted the climatic color of the stories.
2- 1Local dialect and native language structure
The use of this feature in Younesi's stories demonstrates his mastery of the dominant culture of the region.
1 - 3 Multiplication of proverbs, local poems and local songs
Although the use of proverbs is not as frequent as local words, it can be secondary after them.
2- Time and place dimensions
Although Younesi has used this to a lesser extent, the same few uses have made the climatic aspects of his stories more obvious.
3 - Local beliefs, superstitions and customs
The expression of customs and beliefs, while adding to the appeal of the stories, is more indicative of the author's special interest in combining the stories with the culture and customs of the region.
3-1- Local beliefs
One of the common beliefs in the Western region is the belief in the sanctity of the manifestations of nature.In his stories, Younesi mentions the sanctity of stone, rock and tree. In addition, it expresses the belief in magic and prayer and its frequent use in stories.
3-2- Customs
This includes mourning ceremonies, weddings and religious rites, which include the rites of Sufism and the oath of allegiance.
4- Architecture
The author accurately describes the houses and buildings and does not fail to elaborate on the details that may evoke the reader's form.
5- Jobs and professions
It seems that Younesi's goal in expressing the jobs of men and women is to show the utmost difficulty of life among the lower classes of society.
6- Description of climate and nature
Younesi describes nature with such precision and pleasure that it shows that these precise descriptions are rooted in a subtle and subtle view that enjoys watching nature.
7- Describing places and referring to the names of cities and villages
Naming places, both in the city and in the countryside, is one of the most obvious signs of the influence of climate in writing, which is reflected in Younesi's stories in an intangible way and in the fabric of the stories.
8- Description of cover and food
An accurate and sharp look, a complete description and attention to detail of the clothes, especially the Kurdish women's clothes, which are composed of many different parts, is one of the most important features of Younesi's style in his novels.Food also often reflects the class distance of society.
9- Application of native elements in imaginary forms
In this case, the author has acted very carefully and meticulously, and in many cases has used metaphors that do not easily come to mind and in most cases have brought a similar aspect to a better understanding of the reader.This is one of Younesi's favorite topics, which is critical in telling stories.
10-Issues and issues related to landlord-peasant relations and peasant life
This is one of Younesi's favorite subjects, which is critically expressed in stories.
11- Poverty
The main feature of Kermanshah's climate stories is "poverty."Younesi generally describes a poor life with descriptions of ruins, pollution, disease, and the type of food and clothing worn by the peasants.
12- Communication with the other side of the border, especially Iraq
Relations with the Kurds of Iraq and Turkey are one of the most common relations between the people of this region.In Younesi's novels, one of the most common issues discussed is constant travel or migration across borders.
Results
In addition to reflecting many climatic features and elements such as the description of nature, native places, local language and dialect, local beliefs and customs, peasant issues, etc. in Younesi stories, its most important feature is its naked appearance and mixed with poverty, attitude. The author's realist, partisan, and idealistic approach to societal issues and the indifference of the aristocracy of society to class distances and annoying poverty are through realistic descriptions and illustrations of people's sufferings and problems.His detailed, realistic, and sometimes naturalistic descriptions show that he is quite familiar with this life. Name of urban and rural areas, accurate description of nature and climate, expression of local customs and ideas for the western regions of Iran, use of native language and terms and poems, description of clothes and food and many other things that are detailed in the research text.
Resources
-Agenda, Jacob.(1990). The situation of fiction before and after the revolution. Sura Andisheh, Volume II.
- Anousheh, Hassan. (1997). Dictionary of Persian Literature.Tehran: Printing and Publishing Organization.
- Jafari (Qanavati), Mohammad Javad. (2003). In the realm of climatic literature. Book of the Month of Literature and Philosophy, Nos.
- Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar.(1985). Dictionary, Tehran: Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute.
-Spanloo, Mohammad Ali.(1997). Contemporary fiction; His schools and generations. Adineh, No.
- Shiri, Ghahraman. (2008). Schools of storytelling in Iran. Tehran: Cheshmeh
--------------- (2004). Climatic features in Kermanshah fiction. Book of the Month of Literature and Philosophy, May, No.
--------------- (2003). An Introduction to the Schools of Fiction in Contemporary Iranian Literature. Journal of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tabriz, No.
- Sadeghi Shapar, Reza.(2020). The first climatic novel in contemporary Iranian fiction. Book of the Month of Literature, August, No
- Gary, Martin.(2003). Dictionary of Literary Terms. Translated by Mansoura Sharifzadeh. Edited by MehranKondari. Tehran: Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
- Varzandeh, Omid; Nineveh, Shoja.(2018). Introduction to Ibrahim Younesi.Tehran: Negah.
- Hemmati, Mandana. (1999). Language and cultural identity; Quoted from BehroozGranpayeh. Collection of Culture and Sociology, No.
-Younesi, Ibrahim. (2001). DadaShirin.
Keywords
Main Subjects
)