نوع مقاله : علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• سمانه حسنعلی‌زاده ¹
• علی شهیدی ²
• زهره زرشناس ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری رشته فرهنگ و زبان‌های باستانی ایران، واحد علوم و تحقیقات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

² استادیار رشته فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی ایران، دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه تهران، ایران

³ استاد رشته فرهنگ و زبانهای باستانی ایران، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

برای آشنایی با مردم یک جامعه، سنت‌ها و ذهنیت آنها، ابتدا باید زبان آنها را دانست. از طریق مقایسه طرح‌های زبانی زبان مادری و زبان آموخته ‌شده به عنوان زبان دوم، می‌توان به شباهت‌های دو زبان پی برد، ویژگی‌های فکری مردم آن جامعه را آشکار کرد و تصویری کلی از دنیای افرادی که به این دو زبان آشنا هستند، بدست آورد. یکی از بهترین منابع، در این مورد، قطعاً فرهنگ لغات هستند. هدف اصلی این مقاله روشن کردن ساختار فرهنگ لغت‌های دوزبانه فارسی-ترکی منظوم یا «نصاب‌»ها است چرا که از یک سو از نظر انعکاس زندگی اجتماعی مردم در دوره عثمانی و از سوی دیگر از نظر واژگان، میزان نفوذ و توسعه تاریخی زبان فارسی و نیز نوع تاثیرپذیری ادبیات ترکی از ادبیات فارسی، دارای اهمیتند. ضمن بررسی فرهنگ‌ها، انگیزه‌ها و محرک‌های اصلی مؤلفان در تدوین آثار، نقاط ضعف و قدرت فرهنگ‌ها و نیز چالشهایی که نویسندگان با آنها روبرو بوده‌اند مشخص گردید. از لحاظ ساختاری نیز به این نتیجه رسیدیم که فرهنگهای منظوم نسبت به فرهنگهای منثور از غنای کمتری برخوردار هستند و واژه‌هایی که در بخش لغت‌نامه آمده‌اند، اغلب واژه‌های روزمره در زبان محاوره مردم هستند و واژه‌های نادر و ثقیل برای نگارش و انشا در آنها کمتر دیده می‌شوند. با ترسیم مسیرهای اصلی حرکت و جریان دانش زبان فارسی، به همراه جنبه‌های تاثیر و انتقال آن، دریافتیم که زبان فارسی نقشی حیاتی در محیط فکری جامعه‌ در دوره عثمانی داشته و به عنوان زبان گفتمان فرهنگی در جریان تضاد مذهبی بین ایران و آناتولی بکار رفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• زبان ترکی عثمانی
• زبان فارسی
• فرهنگهای منظوم فارسی-ترکی

موضوعات

• تاریخ ادبیات ایران

عنوان مقاله [English]

Bilingual Persian-Turkish verse dictionaries functionality in the transmission of Persian language in Ottoman period in Anatolia

نویسندگان [English]

• Samaneh Hassanalizadeh ¹
• Ali Shahidi ²
• Zohreh Zarshenas ³

¹ Samaneh Hassanalizadeh, PhD Student of Iranian Ancient Culture & Languages, Science & Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

² professor of Iranian Ancient Culture & Languages, Tehran University, Tehran ,Iran

³ prof. Dr. Zohre Zarshenas, professor of Iranian Ancient Culture & Languages, Languages, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran. Iran

چکیده [English]

The Function of Bilingual Persian-Turkish Verse Dictionaries in the Transmission of Persian Language in the Ottoman Period in Anatolia[1]
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this article is to clarify the structure of Persian-Turkish bilingual verse dictionaries, because they are important in terms of reflecting the social life of the people during the Ottoman period, their vocabulary and also the degree and type of influence of Persian literature on Turkish literature. In this research, while studying the dictionaries, the main motivations and incentives of the authors, the weaknesses and strengths of them as well as the challenges faced by the authors were determined. By drawing the main paths of movement and flow of Persian language knowledge, along with aspects of its impact and transmission, we found that Persian language played a vital role in the intellectual environment of society during the Ottoman period and was used as a language of cultural discourse during the religious conflict between Iran and Anatolia.
Keywords: Ottoman Turkish, Persian Language, Persian-Turkish Verse Dictionaries
 
INTRODUCTION
In the propitious environment of the Ottoman era, on the one hand, the existence of numerous Persian poetry and prose works and the general interest in learning Persian not only as a literary language but also as a language for understanding Arabic, which was the scientific language in Islamic society, and on the other hand, the competition between writers, poets, mystics, Sufis or courtiers who mastered Persian and Arabic languages ​​and could improve their social status through their works in the scientific and cultural fields of the Islamic world, are the important factors in the writing of Persian-Turkish dictionaries. For children who reached the age of education and also for adults, according to their age and ability to learning, Persian dictionaries were taught which included explanations of Persian words as well as Persian grammar. Starting language education at a young age, especially for children, is perhaps one of the main reasons for writing dictionaries in the form of poetry or “Nisâbs”. Children’s interest to read poetry made it easy for them to memorize foreign language words through repetition. According to the content and form characteristics of verse dictionaries, a person who was familiar with these texts at a young age, would learn the vocabulary, numerical value of the Arabic alphabet letters, conjugation of verbs, numbers, names of months, historical figures, proverbs, idioms, their usages and syntactic information through the sentences presented with their translation and also the basic grammatical rules of the language. In addition, they would become familiar with some figures of speech and versification, which were very useful for people who were interested in poetry. The importance of researching such dictionaries can be examined from several points of view; on the one hand, these dictionaries were a kind of educational tool which was taught in schools, mainly with the aim of promoting classical Persian literature. Words used for Ottoman managers and statesmen, historical and legendary elements, names of peoples and nations, places, occupations, groups, types of characters, clothes and clothing, shopping, size and weight, goods, eating and drinking, games, entertainments and hunting, elements of marriage and kinship, diseases, vehicles, elements related to religion and belief, calendar, riddles, terms and proverbs and other words that have the greatest impact on daily life, are important in reflecting the social life of the people in the Ottoman period. On the other hand, these dictionaries are important in terms of vocabulary, the degree of influence and historical development of the Persian language, as well as the intensity and type of influence of Persian literature on Turkish literature. Some of these Persian words or their combinations do not exist in the modern Persian language or not being used at all. Such words can fill the lack of words in Persian language and be useful in the studies between Iran and Turkey, such as text editions and reciprocating translations.
METHODS
In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, 22 Persian-Turkish bilingual verse dictionaries have been studied.
RESULTS
The authors have basically followed the principles of Arabic & Persian lexicography and the previous sources have served as a model for writing and enriching dictionaries. Many authors have emphasized in the introductions the propagation of Persian knowledge, which is the most important necessity for reading and understanding great poems and treatises in Persian language, and also having access to Arabic language. Verse dictionaries are less rich than prose dictionaries, and the words that appear in the dictionary section are often everyday words in the colloquial language of the people, and rare and complicated words for writing and essays are rarely used in them. Due to versification rules, which were one of the main challenges for authors, the meanings of all the words are not properly expressed, and in the meaning, usually a word has been chosen which is according to versification rules.
CONCLUSION
The study of bilingual dictionaries has increased our understanding of the influence of the Persian language and its determining role in the intellectual environment of the target society, which caused the spread of the Persian language as a language of cultural discourse during the religious conflict between Iran and Anatolia during the Ottoman period. In fact, it can be concluded that the motivation in learning and understanding Arabic language as a scientific language among Muslim societies and especially in Anatolia, through learning Persian language, has identified the Persian language as the most eloquent language in the Islamic society.
 
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[1] Samâne Hasanalizâde: Ph.D. Student of Azad University, Science and Research Branch.
Ali Šahidi: Assistant Professor of Tehran University.
Zohre Zaršenâs: Professor of Tehran University.
 
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کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Ottoman Turkish
• Persian language
• Persian-Turkish verse dictionaries