Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Fateme Hejri; Amir Momeni
Abstract
Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic are two theories of linguistics. According to Jakobson, these two processes appear figuratively and virtually in verbal art and are considered a method for identifying literary and artistic styles. Persian literature has several distinct literary periods that can be categorized ...
Read More
Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic are two theories of linguistics. According to Jakobson, these two processes appear figuratively and virtually in verbal art and are considered a method for identifying literary and artistic styles. Persian literature has several distinct literary periods that can be categorized stylistically based on the poets' inclination toward these axes. In different periods of the Persian language, we observe works that are composed in response to and in the same form and style as famous works, which are referred to as "mujāvāt" in literary terminology. The characteristic feature of these poems is the presence of linguistic signs that guide the audience to the intention and author of the poem. The importance of the art of response, which is specific to Iranians, lies in its role in expanding and disseminating poetry in terms of meaning and placing it in an unfinished and continuous space. Therefore, due to its significance and position in Persian literature, this article examines the literary role and functioning of linguistic axes in some responsive poems using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of this study demonstrate that poets have paid attention to this matter by aligning their responses with the intended axis and in accordance with it.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
mahbuobe hemmatiyan
Abstract
Analyzing and Examining the Status of Appropriateness of Verbal Communication Factors in the Structure and the Meaning of Speech Theory of necessity is a different approach to the reason behind linguistic constructs and rhetorical arrays used in speech. Herein, the study focuses on the reason for ...
Read More
Analyzing and Examining the Status of Appropriateness of Verbal Communication Factors in the Structure and the Meaning of Speech Theory of necessity is a different approach to the reason behind linguistic constructs and rhetorical arrays used in speech. Herein, the study focuses on the reason for the quality or state of the language and the role of the requirements of various influential factors. This theory moves beyond grammar and rhetoric and studies the characteristics of speech and factors influencing its creation, besides how and why it is created.The theory of necessity comprehensively examines the basic and effective contexts in creating the structural and aesthetic features of language. All possibilities in the language are considered for explaining the characteristics of speech and sometimes affect analyzing content and meaning.This linguistic-cognitive theory studies the reasons for the existence and creation of language features in all areas of language and rhetoric. This analysis is not limited to the formal sphere of speech; Rather, how to use the formal potentials of language in conceptualization and creation of meaning is the main focus of study. In order to discover the meanings and concepts of speech (the main purpose of this theory), studying how these concepts are presented at the appearance level of language is a necessity. The theory focuses on the application of these linguistic possibilities, examines their role in creating meanings and concepts, and explains the role of meanings and concepts in determining the apparent characteristics of language.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Nasim Azimipour; Ali Mohammadi
Abstract
The poetic text Latâʾef fi al-Usul is the oldest surviving versified Persian encyclopaedia that was composed by Mohammad bp Mohammad Marqinâni, known by the title of Šams-e Dabirân, in 696 AH/ 1297 CE. It comprises 4897 verses in the metre of Hazaj-e Mosaddas-e Mahzhuf. The ...
Read More
The poetic text Latâʾef fi al-Usul is the oldest surviving versified Persian encyclopaedia that was composed by Mohammad bp Mohammad Marqinâni, known by the title of Šams-e Dabirân, in 696 AH/ 1297 CE. It comprises 4897 verses in the metre of Hazaj-e Mosaddas-e Mahzhuf. The main subjects that are covered in this work are principles of faith (including divine attributes, the theism of theosophical and pantheistic varieties, proofs of prophecy, scriptural miracles, etc.) and principles of poetry (including rhetorical figures, prosody and rhyme). The poet, who was among the literary and Sunni religious scholars of Transoxiana, composed his poetic work after a ten-year stay in Anatolia in his old age in order to guide his children. He dedicated it to the powerful Ilkhanid vizier, Sadr al-Din Ahmad Xâlediye Zanjâni, also known as Sadr-e Jahân (d. Rajab 697/ April-May 1298).In addition to introducing the work and its author, the present article focuses on identifying the author's sources in the chapter “Principles of Poetry”, and makes a comprehensive comparison between the topics considered in this chapter and those of similar older works such as Hadâʾeq al-Sehr fi Daqâʾeiq al-Šeʾr by Rašid al-Din Waṭwâṭ, al-Moʾjam fi Maʾâyīr ašʾâr al-ʾajam by Šams Qeys Râzi, Meʾyâr al-Ašʾâr by Nasīr al-Din al-Tusi and Orâzat al-ʾAruziyyin by Jamâl al-Din Mohammad Qarasši. It has been demonstrated that the author of Laṭâʾef did not make use of al-Moʾjam and Meʾyâr al-Ašʾâr, and for this reason, that is, because of its independence from these two pioneering works in explaining Persian prosody and rhyme, Laṭâʾef is one of the significant sources in this subject matter. In the section on rhetorical figures, the single source of Marqinâni was Hadâʾeq al-Sehr fi Daqâʾeiq al-Šeʾr by Rašid al-Din Waṭwâṭ.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
seyyed Alisina Rakhshandemand; Alireza fouladi
Abstract
A look at the evolution of the title of Rad al- ajoz ala (ela) al-sadr in rhetorical booksAmong the figures of speech and literary techniques that have a long history and are presented with different categories, titles and names in Arabic and Persian rhetorical books is "Rad al-ajoz ala (ela) -Sadr" ...
Read More
A look at the evolution of the title of Rad al- ajoz ala (ela) al-sadr in rhetorical booksAmong the figures of speech and literary techniques that have a long history and are presented with different categories, titles and names in Arabic and Persian rhetorical books is "Rad al-ajoz ala (ela) -Sadr" or "Rad Al-Sadr elā (alā) Al-ajoz". The use of "alā" instead of "alā" and the replacement of "Al-Sadr" instead of "Al-ajoz" has caused what according to a group of rhetorical books is called "rad al-ajoz ", according to another group, it is the opposite , scilicet it is rad al-Sadr ela al-ajoz . Persian rhetoricians consider the source of this disagreement to Shams Qais Razi, the author of Al-Mu'jam; For this reason, a group followed and obeyed and another group criticized his opinion; Therefore, this article - which is written with a descriptive-analytical method, by reviewing the historical course and development of this literary figure of speech and its importance in the most important Arabic-Persian rhetorical books, especially to the disagreement about the use of "alā" and "elā" " and it will be clear that the primary origin and source of these disagreements - contrary to what is stated in the Persian rhetorical books - originates from Arabic rhetoric and by Sakaki.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
saeid shafeieoun
Abstract
The Enjobment of meanings is one of the literary arrays that has not yet been properly studied. The breadth of the scope and the role it has as an art form in the construction of several literary forms and genres, as well as its function in suspending speech, link it to a number of literary industries ...
Read More
The Enjobment of meanings is one of the literary arrays that has not yet been properly studied. The breadth of the scope and the role it has as an art form in the construction of several literary forms and genres, as well as its function in suspending speech, link it to a number of literary industries and types. Among these, some such as "guarantee", "graded" and "ugly and beautiful" are considered as its sub-sections, and some, such as "perception" and its sub-sections, overlap it in some important features, which we refer to as equivalent arrays. we do. Considering that waqf, like many other literary arrays, has a history of use in Arabic literature, in the present study, before examining the rhetorical opinions of Persian writers, it has been followed in Arabic rhetorical sources.Explaining that the endowment of meanings was known as "guarantee" in most ancient Arabic sources and was discussed as one of the defects of rhyme; Whereas in Persian rhetoric from the very beginning it has been considered not only a defect but also one of the virtues of poetry. This research seeks to define and classify this rhetorical industry more efficiently.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Mohammad Hasan Jalalian Chaleshtari
Abstract
Shahnameh isone of the most detailed works of the first centuries of the officialization and spread of Dari Persian after Islam. This precious treasure contains authentic and reliable evidence of the Persian language elements of this period and contains many keys in solving the unknown issues of the ...
Read More
Shahnameh isone of the most detailed works of the first centuries of the officialization and spread of Dari Persian after Islam. This precious treasure contains authentic and reliable evidence of the Persian language elements of this period and contains many keys in solving the unknown issues of the mother of Dari Persian language, i.e. Middle Persian. Conversely, due to the antiquity of its language, there are points in this work that cannot be known except through the knowledge of Middle Persian and other Middle and Old Iranian Languages. In this article, three words "šād", "may" and "pašēmān šudan" are discussed in Shahnameh and using the internal evidence of this work as well as some evidence of other Persian texts as well as evidence from ancient languages, different meanings for the first two words and a lesser-known construction for a specific structure of the third one is presented in Dari Persian. The suggested meaning for "šād" is "rich and wealthy". The word "may" is considered to be the original Persian form of "maγāk" and "pašēmān šudan" is considered as an impersonal verb.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Hamid Jafari Ghariyeh Ali
Abstract
"Five Plays" written by Mirza Agha Tabrizi is one of the first plays in Persian literature. It shows the corruption in Nasserite period with a humorous tone. Despite the lack of unity of time, place and subject, these plays are important because they contain some historical facts. The status and validity ...
Read More
"Five Plays" written by Mirza Agha Tabrizi is one of the first plays in Persian literature. It shows the corruption in Nasserite period with a humorous tone. Despite the lack of unity of time, place and subject, these plays are important because they contain some historical facts. The status and validity of the dialectic element in plays is an important factor influencing the presence of colloquial expressions in this type of literature. In folk literary texts, the grammatical and lexical structures of the vernacular language are the focal point due to their prominence. According to their capabilities, these structures sometimes explicitly (sometimes ironically) depict images of social realities, which are criticized by the author. This descriptive-analytical research investigates the words and expressions of pop culture that increase the theatrical capacity of narratives and also effectively reflects social situations. According to the findings, in Mirza Agha Tabrizi's plays, grammatical elements, ironies, adjectives, language in Five Plays by Mirza Agha Tabrizi is purposeful. The purposeful presence of marked popular words directs narrative reports, social critique and fluent style of the author.adverbs and verbs derived from popular culture (with high frequency) are recurrent. Due to its transparency and communicative capability in theatricality of plays, they can be of help to the author. Therefore, it can be said that marked word choice of colloquial
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Mohammad Ali Mousazadeh; mohamad Tahery khosroshahi
Abstract
According to historical and cultural evidence, the Caucasus has historical commonalities and long-standing cultural ties with Iran and its people. One of these common areas that have created many bilateral effects on the cultural and historical relations between Iranians and the Caucasus nation, is literary ...
Read More
According to historical and cultural evidence, the Caucasus has historical commonalities and long-standing cultural ties with Iran and its people. One of these common areas that have created many bilateral effects on the cultural and historical relations between Iranians and the Caucasus nation, is literary issues and the field of poetic origins and research related to language and literature. Critical studies of the works of writers such as Nezami Ganjavi, Khaghani Shervani, Mujir Belqani, Vale Daghestani, etc. show that the poetic language of these speakers cannot begin with these poets and reach the peak of maturity in their speech. Undoubtedly, there has been a tradition and a history, and hundreds of thousands of artists and virtuous people have been involved in artistic creation before, so that great people such as Khaghani, Nezami, and Mujir could emerge from among them. In this regard, one of the most important branches of the Persian language and literature in the Caucasus is the writing of Persian grammar books and dictionaries. An in-depth look at the historical course of the authorship of these books shows that the pioneers of compiling books on dictionaries and Persian grammar were the Caucasians. The region of the Caucasus plays a very important role in the history of compiling grammar books. This region was either the motherland of the authors or the host of the non-native authors who settled in that area..
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Shirzad Tayefi; Mehdi Ramazani
Abstract
One of the themes poets and writers have created themes in their works is related to chess. As this game has had various forms in different eras, so some people and consequently commentators, ignoring this and just based on its current form, have described and explained related texts. One of these is ...
Read More
One of the themes poets and writers have created themes in their works is related to chess. As this game has had various forms in different eras, so some people and consequently commentators, ignoring this and just based on its current form, have described and explained related texts. One of these is to equate "castle" with "rook". This research using descriptive-analytical method based on induction, and following old Persian texts follows to prove the differences between these two elements in chess. The results show that "castle" was a place in Roman chessboards, and has had significant differences with "Rook". Some commentators ignoring this issue have slipped in the description of texts related to this game and have referred rook as "castle", which itself has caused misunderstanding in describing terms, interpretations, and finally deviating from poets and writers' intentions.which itself has caused misunderstanding in describing terms, interpretations, and finally deviating from poets and writers' intentions.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Yousof Asghari Bayqut
Abstract
Turk of mine saying san san (Reviewing the reflection of Turkish language and culture in Khāqāni's Diwān)Yousof Asqari Bayqoot Assistant Professor, Dept. of Persian Language and Literature, University of Jiroft AbstractThere is no doubt that part of poets and writers' imaginary motifs is influenced ...
Read More
Turk of mine saying san san (Reviewing the reflection of Turkish language and culture in Khāqāni's Diwān)Yousof Asqari Bayqoot Assistant Professor, Dept. of Persian Language and Literature, University of Jiroft AbstractThere is no doubt that part of poets and writers' imaginary motifs is influenced by their environment and geographical territory and it is somehow reflected in their literature. Writers and poets' susceptibility is more than others due to their subtle and sensitive spirits. Accordingly, the current research aimed to give answer to this question: Had Khāqāni shirwani been influenced by language and culture of Azerbaijan, his living environment? The research showed that the environment and culture of Azerbaijan and its common language, namely the Turkish language, were reflected in various forms in Khāqāni's; In addition to direct presence of thousands of Turkish words, allegories and ironies translated from Turkish, popular beliefs, Azerbaijan environment had serious impact on poet's works and had been the basis of creating many themes and poetic pictures, to the extent that without regarding this, part of Khāqāni's literature in his Diwān was not well interpreted and clarified.Key words: Khāqāni shirwani, Azerbaijan, Language and culture, Turkish language, Susceptibility
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
mohammad khakpoor
Abstract
Belief in the originality of "firm" or "meaning" is one of the important subjects in the world of rhetoric and our literary tradition. Should we know the importance of the formation of works of art from the Form or Form or from the Meaning (content)? which has made a long struggle between the supporters ...
Read More
Belief in the originality of "firm" or "meaning" is one of the important subjects in the world of rhetoric and our literary tradition. Should we know the importance of the formation of works of art from the Form or Form or from the Meaning (content)? which has made a long struggle between the supporters of these two approaches.This endless conflict during the time of Safaviyeh namely the peak and splendor of the literary criticism and stylistics with the attention and the deep knowledge of literary critics is being surprisingly continued. Besides in the Hindi style poem which has also been the most important field of rhetorical subjects and criticism and stylistics, in addition to many other important and new literary subjects, the attention to the originality of form or meaning is glaringly displayed. If in the poems of Saeb, the most rhetorical and fluent poet of Hindi Style, the subjects like:" pure form", "unfamiliar form", " polishing form", " new meaning", " delicate meaning", "strange meaning", "florid meaning", using form and meaning jointly, are seen frequently.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
saeed karimi
Abstract
Artistic games with words form the central part of Nizami's aesthetic. The major share of these games are played in Khamsa with the name of fictional characters. With the help of 41 word names, Nizami has performed 400 cases of artistic games. Most items of games have been conducted with Shirin, Shekar, ...
Read More
Artistic games with words form the central part of Nizami's aesthetic. The major share of these games are played in Khamsa with the name of fictional characters. With the help of 41 word names, Nizami has performed 400 cases of artistic games. Most items of games have been conducted with Shirin, Shekar, Mahan, Shabdiz, Goor (Bahram) and Leili. Nizami employed literary arrays such as proportion ambiguity, total pun, partial pun, repetition, derivation pun, pseudo-derivation pun, redundant pun, subsequent pun, and difference pun in long vowels (from the most to the least) to run artistic games. Shedding light on these games would reveal the essence of Nizami's art and power. In addition to artistic aesthetics, the poet has followed other objectives too. For instance, with the help of these games, he has supported fictional atmosphere to attract the attention of his readers. Apparently, the poet has deliberately played with the word names, but in some cases the game has been so appropriately that the reader takes it as granted. The high frequency of games with word names is the major stylistic feature of Nizami's works.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Tamanna Golbabaei; Mohammad Gholamrezaei; Ahmad Khatami; Roghiyeh Sadraie
Abstract
The use of Allusive simile and metaphor in expressing the mystical experience and preliminaries(Based on Mantegh-al-teyr by Attar)AbstractPoetry is the manifestation of poetic and artistic images.These images are created using the rhetorics and its various tools. A mystic poet uses these images to recreate ...
Read More
The use of Allusive simile and metaphor in expressing the mystical experience and preliminaries(Based on Mantegh-al-teyr by Attar)AbstractPoetry is the manifestation of poetic and artistic images.These images are created using the rhetorics and its various tools. A mystic poet uses these images to recreate the mystical experiences and preliminaries. Among the most important devices used in mystic poets' minds to recreate –Including Attar Neyshaburi- are "simile", "metaphor" and "allusion". He has used simile repeatedly in Mantegh-al-teyr –which is the story of a group of birds' spiritual journey- to express the mystical experience and has combined it with allusion. In this paper, with a descriptive, analytical and review method, as we introduce this device, we will show how these tools or techniques have been used to express his mystical experiences and it’s preliminaries. In mystical poetry, decorating speech is secondary but the main purpose of the poet is to express preliminaries of internal and mystical revelations and experiences, so his poetical images are driven from his religious and mystical attitudes. Most of Attar's similes and allusions are related to verses and stories of Quran and religious and quranic characters and religious subjects and Hadiths, as well as religious sayings, characters and subjects and that is a sign of the deep impact of religion and mysticism on his speech rhetorics.Key words: Image, allusive simile, allusive Metaphor, mystical experience, Mantegh-al-teyr,
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Mohammad Hasan Jalalian Chaleshtari
Abstract
Compounding is one of the prosesses of word-formation in some languages. Because simple words and derivatives satisfy just a part of the speakers’ need of vocabulary, the speakers are forced to make compound words using the available language elements and compounding patterns. These patterns always ...
Read More
Compounding is one of the prosesses of word-formation in some languages. Because simple words and derivatives satisfy just a part of the speakers’ need of vocabulary, the speakers are forced to make compound words using the available language elements and compounding patterns. These patterns always have certain rules and criterions and each language uses them in it’s syntactic structures and historical backgrounds. Hence, no two languages, even two sibling languages or those that one of them is derived from the other one, can be found to have the same rules of compounding. Among the Persian contemporary poets, Mehdi Akhavan-sales with the full knowledge of Persian language, has created a large number of compound words and used them in his poetry . This knowledge, which is the product of scrutinizing the old and new Persian literary texts has resulted in the words being structured in accordance with the rules of compounding in Persian language. So far, no research has been carried out on the various types of Akhavan’s compounds. In this research by extracting compound words from several books of this poet, these words are categorized structurally and the poet’s approach to the structures are evaluated.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
mahbuobe hemmatiyan
Abstract
In rhetorical books, the eloquence is defined as "presenting one sole meaning in several ways by the difference in clarity and secrecy". The choice of these various forms of expression according to the conditions and characteristics of the factors that contribute to the creation of a word is vital for ...
Read More
In rhetorical books, the eloquence is defined as "presenting one sole meaning in several ways by the difference in clarity and secrecy". The choice of these various forms of expression according to the conditions and characteristics of the factors that contribute to the creation of a word is vital for rhetoric. Considering that the speaker, the audience, the situational context and the word are of the factors of creating the verbal communication, the harmony of the features of the word with their status is the condition of the rhetoric of the word.In this study, the role of the requirements of these four factors has been explored in how and why of the various topics of the eloquence, alongside the necessity of considering these requirements, both in the stage of using the rhetorical figures of speech and in the stage of their recognition. The status of these factors in the structure of the various forms of similes, metaphors and their differentiation elements is essential. The creation of the ironies also depends on the situational context. Furthermore, the forming and use of the symbols is also influenced by the conditions of these factors.
