Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی
Authors
1 Department of Persian language and literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kashan University. Kashan, Iran
Abstract
A look at the evolution of the title of Rad al- ajoz ala (ela) al-sadr in rhetorical books
Among the figures of speech and literary techniques that have a long history and are presented with different categories, titles and names in Arabic and Persian rhetorical books is "Rad al-ajoz ala (ela) -Sadr" or "Rad Al-Sadr elā (alā) Al-ajoz". The use of "alā" instead of "alā" and the replacement of "Al-Sadr" instead of "Al-ajoz" has caused what according to a group of rhetorical books is called "rad al-ajoz ", according to another group, it is the opposite , scilicet it is rad al-Sadr ela al-ajoz . Persian rhetoricians consider the source of this disagreement to Shams Qais Razi, the author of Al-Mu'jam; For this reason, a group followed and obeyed and another group criticized his opinion; Therefore, this article - which is written with a descriptive-analytical method, by reviewing the historical course and development of this literary figure of speech and its importance in the most important Arabic-Persian rhetorical books, especially to the disagreement about the use of "alā" and "elā" " and it will be clear that the primary origin and source of these disagreements - contrary to what is stated in the Persian rhetorical books - originates from Arabic rhetoric and by Sakaki.
Highlights
Extended Abstract
The investigation of the transformation of the title “rad ol ajoz alasadr” in rhetorical books[1]
Abstract
One of the figure of speech that has a long history and has different categories and titles in Arabic and Persian rhetorical books is “rad ol ajoz alasadr”. The use of “ela” instead of “ala” and substituting “alsadr” instead of “ajoz” caused what is presented in some rhetorical books as “rad ol ajoz alasadr” in the other books as “rad ol sadr ala ajoz ” . Persian rhetoricians believe that the sourse of this disagreement derived from Shams Qais Razi, the author of al-Mu'jam. Some following and some criticizing this view. So this research by descriptive- analytical methodology, investigate the historical transformation of this figure of speech and its importance in Persian and Arabic rhetorical books, specially the disagreement about the useage of “ela” and “ala”. The result of this research would reveal that the first sourse of this disagreement, in contrast to what is represented in Persian rhetorical books, derived from Arabic rhetoric book by Sakaki.
Key terms: “rad ol ajoz alasadr”, “rad ol sadr ala ajoz”, rhetoric, evolution.
Introduction
Reviewing and exploring the history of figures of speech, in such a way that it is possible to understand the origin, transformation and development, renaming and then the extent of its use in recent times, and recognizing the repetition and ups and downs is necessary and inevitable issue, in order to benefit both rhetoricians and unconfuse the researchers in this field.
Therefore, in this article, we will discuss the process of transformation of one of the verbal arts that has always been the focus and disagreement of Arabic and Persian rhetoricians, in order to determine the origin and source of the disagreement.
Research method
This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical method using old and new rhetorical sources.
Literature review
Regarding this figure of speech, there have been articles in various magazines that have dealt with other aspects than the topic under discussion, among others, the following can be mentioned:
The article "Analysis and review of the views of the thinkers of rhetorical sciences in the field of translation" has discussed the development of this figure of speech and writes: "All the existing definitions of rhetorical books in this field from Ibn Mu'taz to the definitions of contemporary scholars, all of them repeat the word Sadr in Ujaz. They have read a verse or a paragraph of prose, Radul Ujaz Ali Sadr. While he [Radviyani] called it Rad al-Sadr Ali al-Fakhd.
Another article with the title: "anadiplosis and criticism of opinions rhetoricians about it." In this article, the authors have discussed the categories that are mentioned under anadiplosis and they conclude that if the scholars of rhetoric had thought about this a little more and given more development to anadiplosis More types of existing forms of word repetition could be defined under the title of anadiplosis. (Pournamdarian, Hadi, Eshraghi, 2018: 1-20)
Disscussion
As we know, the figure of speech, which some rhetorical books call “rad ol ajoz alasadr”, in the opinion of another group, it is “rad ol sadr ala ajoz” and vice versa.
In the meantime, what has been more and more noticed by some rhetoricians is the use of "Ela" instead of "Ala" and in the next stage "Radol Sadr" instead of "Rad ol ajoz" and vice versa.
As stated in this case, First of all, he wrote: “rad ol ajoz alasadr” and “rad ol sadr ala ajoz”, that is, he added the word "Ela" instead of Ala. and others... (Homaei, 2009: 57). Rhetoric scholars attribute the origin of this disagreement to Shams Qais Razi, the author of al-Mu'jam. For this reason, some have followed him and others have criticized his opinion.
Therefore, the present study, aware of these controversies, so that the truth of the meaning is not hidden, has reviewed and revised this literary term in the books of Arabic and Persian rhetoric, and has determined that the origin of the difference between "Ala" and "Ela" is not only in Shams Qais book but its source is from Arabic rhetoric.
It is necessary to mention this point, as it was stated before, our goal in this research is to specify the point that the use of "Ela" instead of "Ala" and "Radol Sadr" instead of "Radol ajoz" is precedent before Shams Qais and the first person who used "Ela" instead of "Ala" is Sakaki in Miftah Uloloom.
From this point of view, we did not intend to judge and prefer these two terms; But according to the definition and explanation that rhetorical books have expressed in this context, and as other rhetorical books have commented, "both terms" and opinions are acceptable and "justifiable".
Conclusion
Based on what has discussed, it can be concluded that the investigation and exploration of the antecedents of literary terms and figures of speech is an extremely inevitable in order to recognize the development, renaming, and then the extent of its use in recent times, and telling and drawing the existing ups and downs. In general, benefiting rhetoricians and free them from doubt and hesitancy.
With this veiw, we investigate the use of "Ela" instead of "Ala" and "Radol Sadr" instead of "Radol ajoz" and we found that before Shams Qais, Sakaki in Miftah Uloloom used these terms. Also, as Parsa wrote in the article: "Analysis and Review of Rhetorical Scholars' Views on Tasdir": "He [Raduyani] called it Radal Sadr Ala al-Fakhd, which by changing this name, instead of ajoz, Fakhd has used it, which is not mentioned in any of the Arabic rhetorical books, in addition, by replacing the words Sadr and ajz he has used the name of this figure of speech in a different way from Arabic scholars.
Therefore, Shams Qais Razi's book is the second rhetorical work that has changed the name of this figure of speech, not the first.
In sum, with such research and development, it was determined that the use of "Ela" instead of "Ala" and "Radol Sadr" instead of "Radol ajoz" are precedents before Shams Qays.
References
Qazvini& Modarres Razavi & Shamisa, A., (Eds) (2009), Muhammad bin Qays Shams Qays’ Al-Ma'ajm fi Ma'ayir al-Asha'ar al-Ajm, first edition, Tehran: Scientific Publication.
Al-Hamdani, E. & Luqman al-Habbar, A. (Eds) (2011), Jalal al-Din Abdulrahman Ibn Abi Bakr Soyuti’ Commentary on Oqud al-Jaman in al- Ma'ani and al-Bayan. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Elmiyah.
Mirlohi, (1989), Translation of Abu Muhammad Zaki al-Din Abd al-Azeem al-Mesri Ibn Abi al-Asba’ Badi al-Qur'an, first edition. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi
[1] Seyyed Alisina Rakhshandemand: Postdoctoral student of Persian language and literature of Tarbiat Modares University (rakhshande93@gmail.com)
Alireza Fouladi (corresponding author): Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, Kashan University (fouladi@kashanu.ac.ir)
https://doi.org/10.22034/perlit.2023.53528.3390
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