. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Mohammad Hasan Jalalian Chaleshtari
Abstract
In three stories of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, a land in the northeastern regions of Iran corresponding to Transoxiana is mentioned, whose name has been recorded in various forms in the existing manuscripts, and the editors of Shahnameh and researchers of its geography disagree with each other in choosing ...
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In three stories of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, a land in the northeastern regions of Iran corresponding to Transoxiana is mentioned, whose name has been recorded in various forms in the existing manuscripts, and the editors of Shahnameh and researchers of its geography disagree with each other in choosing from these records. The destruction of the original form of the name of this land and the confusion and imprecise recording in Pahlavi texts and the existence of similar forms in the eastern and northeastern lands of Iran in historical and geographical sources after Islam, as well as incorrect and contradictory perceptions of the geographical extent of this region are the main reasons for the different selections by Shahnameh editors. Some of the selected or proposed forms for the name of this land are Kavaršān, Kušān, Karūšān, Kohestān, Kavarstān and Kūy-sārān. In this article, by paying attention to the details of the stories in which the name of this land is used, as well as using ancient Iranian and Middle Persian and Islamic texts, a reading different from those which have been proposed before will be presented in the form Gavestān. This form has the support of some manuscripts and also can be traced in Pahlavi script.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Milad Jafarpoor
Abstract
Jamšid nāmeh is an unprecedented prose epic in Persian literature that its original report was limited to the life of jamšid pishdadi and from this point of view, it can be considered as an independent narration such as: Garšāsp-nāma and Kush nameh which is related to the ups ...
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Jamšid nāmeh is an unprecedented prose epic in Persian literature that its original report was limited to the life of jamšid pishdadi and from this point of view, it can be considered as an independent narration such as: Garšāsp-nāma and Kush nameh which is related to the ups and downs of life of one of the mythological characters of Iran. The narrator of Jamšid nāmeh has tried to focus on the dark and obscure moments of Jamšid's life which all literary and historical sources have been suspended in relation to its reporting. What is mentioned about Jamšid in šāhnāmeh and other sources is more limited to the era of the monarchy, the decline and murder of Jam by the order of Zahhāk, but unlike other sources, Jamšid nāmeh specifically refers only to the events before Jamšid's encounter with Zahhāk and describes The narrator of Jamšid's wonderful life covers the period from childhood to his reign on earth. For the first time, the present study has been inductive in order to introduce the epic of Jamšid nāmeh, to examine the characteristics of Persian, Turkish, Urdu manuscripts and the other same name & unknown manuscripts.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
vahid Idgah; hamidreza azimi
Abstract
AbstractAmong the well-known heroic long poems, there are two called Faramarznameh, the first one the big Faramarznameh and the second one the small Faramarznameh. The editors of both texts have dated them as belonging to the fifth and the sixth centuries A.H., respectively. But in both works there are ...
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AbstractAmong the well-known heroic long poems, there are two called Faramarznameh, the first one the big Faramarznameh and the second one the small Faramarznameh. The editors of both texts have dated them as belonging to the fifth and the sixth centuries A.H., respectively. But in both works there are signs that are not compatible with these claimed dates. These signs have not yet been fully studied, but have attracted the attention of some researchers to some extent. In this article, after mentioning the opinions of researchers about the antiquity of the two works and evaluating the related arguments and documents, focusing on the language of these two poems, it is shown that neither of these two works can be regarded from pre-Mongol texts. In both works, the use of some words and grammatical constructions, especially phonetic features, along with some other linguistic and literary characteristics, leads the researcher to believe that the dating of both should be reconsidered and as a result, both of them should attributed to the eighth century A.H. or even afterwards.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
vahid alibaygi sarhali; afsaneh ramezani
Abstract
Psychological critique is one of the most important areas of literary criticism based on modern psychology and Jung's theories. It uses a variety of archetypes to analyze people's personalities and evaluates their behavior in various cases. Meanwhile, the book Shahnameh and its female characters are ...
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Psychological critique is one of the most important areas of literary criticism based on modern psychology and Jung's theories. It uses a variety of archetypes to analyze people's personalities and evaluates their behavior in various cases. Meanwhile, the book Shahnameh and its female characters are important from various points of view, and in this study, their psychoanalysis is examined from Jung's point of view. Among them, Gerdafarid, Katayoun and Tahmineh have outstanding personalities who have various archetypes inherent in their nature that we have evaluated their psychoanalysis through various studies and the use of Jung's theories. Meanwhile, the archetypes of motherhood and individuality, along with the occurrence of animus symptoms in different situations, have distinguished their personality in every way, which is well demonstrated by the potential behaviors that have emerged from them, the psychology of their personality. Examining the people discussed in the Shahnameh, it was found that among the characters studied, Katayoun has the most ancient signs of the pattern, and his behavioral cues in various cases make the above theory more prominent. This research, which was done by analyzing the verses and describing their behaviors, evaluated the personality of each of the women discussed in the Shahnameh, and by using Jung's theories; we have interpreted and explained the different patterns of each individual.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Abbas Azarandaz; Masoumeh Bagheri Hassankiadeh
Abstract
The "eloquence" of mythical and epic characters has a long history in Iranian literature. Ferdowsi has introduced many characters of Shahnameh as "speaker", "eloquent", "smooth-tongued", and "sweet-mouthed" and praised them with these epithets. Some literary terms such as "Sokhan Shirin" and "Zaban Shiva" ...
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The "eloquence" of mythical and epic characters has a long history in Iranian literature. Ferdowsi has introduced many characters of Shahnameh as "speaker", "eloquent", "smooth-tongued", and "sweet-mouthed" and praised them with these epithets. Some literary terms such as "Sokhan Shirin" and "Zaban Shiva" have been used in Avesta, Pahlavi texts, and have been continued in Persian, and some, such as viiāxana "eloquent", the epithet of Mitra in Mehr Yash, has not been continued but were used as an obsolete form of Gyāxan in Rudaki's poetry, and some Persian lexicons, such as Asadī’s Loḡat-e fors, in spite of this, it has continued as a heroic epithet in epic texts among native and foreign heroes. This article examines the semantic range of "Eloquence" that is a common quality of Mithra, the prophet Zarathustra, heroes such as Garshasb, Sam, Rostam and Giv, and even Turanian heroes in Iranian texts from Gahan to Shahnameh.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Changiz Mowlaee
Abstract
Among fine Persian works, the theme of any work is not as closely related to the subject of "Iranian nationality" and "Iranians national identity" as Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Elements and national symbols such as "land" with specific geographical boundaries (whether mythical or real), customs and traditions, ...
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Among fine Persian works, the theme of any work is not as closely related to the subject of "Iranian nationality" and "Iranians national identity" as Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Elements and national symbols such as "land" with specific geographical boundaries (whether mythical or real), customs and traditions, history, common national language and finally the position of people, religion and government, have been reflected everywhere in this great and unique poem. In this regard, Shahnameh has rightly been considered as the "document of national identity of Iranians". But to what extent the survival of the "Iranian nation" may owe much to the sage of Tus and his Shahnameh is a question that, although difficult to answer in the first place, seems to be possible to provide a suitable answer to it with a brief review of the development of the phenomena that led to the formation of "Iranian nation" in the ancient world and consequently, the compilation and arrangement of legends and narratives recounted through the legendry history of Iran about the formation of the nation and various cultural manifestations of the Iranian nation.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Kamran Arzhangi; mohammadjafar yahaghi
Abstract
Until today, Most scholars consider these scrolls as rooted in oral tradition and belonging to oral literature. The present thesis will argue against this position and will present evidence to support this opposition. It appears that these prose Shāhnāmehs (Tūmārs) relied on ancient sources. In addition, ...
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Until today, Most scholars consider these scrolls as rooted in oral tradition and belonging to oral literature. The present thesis will argue against this position and will present evidence to support this opposition. It appears that these prose Shāhnāmehs (Tūmārs) relied on ancient sources. In addition, there is no document to prove the continuity of the chain of oral narration of these narrations. This paper, by searching in ancient written epic sources, and compare them to Zariri’s narrations, indicate that Zariri, had six major and written sources in narrating the stories of his scroll: (1) Ferdowsi’s Shāhnāmeh. (2) Pre-Ferdowsi Shāhnāmehs-- directly or indirectly. (3) Early historical sources. (4) Epic poems. (5) Interesting narratives of adjacent countries and regions. (6) a collection of written sources that Zariri had collected to write his scroll. Accordingly, it is necessary to doubt the absolute knowledge of the sources and intermediaries of the narrations of this scroll in the stories which is shared with Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Rasool Rostami; Mohammadreza Rashed Mohasel; Majid Khazaei Vafa
Abstract
In the distribution of power, the Italian sociologist Wilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) believed in the existence of governing political elites who influence political decisions. His theory about this subject which is almost a psychological theory has been known as the circulation of elites. According to this ...
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In the distribution of power, the Italian sociologist Wilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) believed in the existence of governing political elites who influence political decisions. His theory about this subject which is almost a psychological theory has been known as the circulation of elites. According to this theory, society is composed of two general classes: 1. The masses and 2. The elites. The latter are divided into two groups, the governing elites and the non-governing elites. The governing elites influence political decisions, and the non-governing elites only play a leading role. He attributes two psychological traits to the governing elites: intelligence and aptitude. Residues prone to violence and coercion. Speculators make the ultimate decision with conspiracy and cunning; Transformation in societies, from Pareto's point of view, is the result of the circulation of these same elites. In Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh, the authors discovered evidence of this kind of circulation, specifically between two classes of Warriors (heroes) and clerics (priests). Consequently, in the epic part of the Shahnameh, most of the warrior elites are consulted with the Shah in important political decisions, and in its historical part, the governing elite association is often made up of priests
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Khalil Kahrizi
Abstract
In correcting a text such as Shahnameh, not only it is necessary to distinguish the correct scripts from the incorrect ones and the original verses from the added ones, but also, it is special importance to find the correct position of the verses in the vertical axis of the word. The verse "قضا گفت ...
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In correcting a text such as Shahnameh, not only it is necessary to distinguish the correct scripts from the incorrect ones and the original verses from the added ones, but also, it is special importance to find the correct position of the verses in the vertical axis of the word. The verse "قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده/فلک گفت احسنت و مه گفت زه" has been mentioned in two places in Shahnameh with five other verses; once in Rostam's battle with Ashkboos and once in Bahram Choobin's war with Saveh Sking. In this article, we have tried to first show the status of this verse in the Shahnameh manuscripts. After that, we have tried to discuss its authenticity by pay attention to the situation of this verse in the manuscripts. Based on our researches, no solid reason has been provided so far for considering this verse as an appendix, and in addition to the unanimity of the manuscripts, one can also find a side confirmation of its authenticity in the collection of Homam Tabrizi. On the other hand, despite the fact that this verse is mentioned in twelve important manuscripts up to the ninth century AH, they do not have the oldest manuscript of Shahnameh and Senjozov manuscript, and Bondari has not translated it. Therefore, it is difficult to make a definite decision about it, and until we find a valid document, it is better to take it into the text in the grip of doubt.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
ali hashemzadeh; hamidreza farzi; ali dehghan
Abstract
One of the ways of life continuation of the myths is their modification into tale or story, especially vulgar tales. One of such stories is “Gol & NoWrouz” of “Khajooy-e-Kermani” in which one can notice the ancient myths and legends. In this paper, the mythical deep structure ...
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One of the ways of life continuation of the myths is their modification into tale or story, especially vulgar tales. One of such stories is “Gol & NoWrouz” of “Khajooy-e-Kermani” in which one can notice the ancient myths and legends. In this paper, the mythical deep structure of this story has been scrutinized based on familiarization (social acquaintance) rituals and symbols. The authors of this paper assume that one can notice the traces of familiarization ceremonies and rituals in the deep structure of these stories. According to this pre-assumption and by analyzing the contents of these types of stories, adjustability of these stories with familiarization ceremonies has been proved. One can notice most of the elements and ceremony phases of familiarization such as isolation, separation, death, rebirth, enlightenment on the tree foot and hard tests (torture) of the knowledgeable old person (guide) in these stories In addition to these, there are other symbolic elements and ancient patterns which are connected with the main theme (familiarization) and they have been analyzed accordingly
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
sajjad Aydinloo
Abstract
The greatest act of epic-mythological stories is kill the dragon. Other than Sistan’sheroes in Iran’s gladiatorship-national narratives, a number of kings also fight with dragon, creatures like dragon and dragons that have changedand they kill or capture them.In well-known sources and common ...
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The greatest act of epic-mythological stories is kill the dragon. Other than Sistan’sheroes in Iran’s gladiatorship-national narratives, a number of kings also fight with dragon, creatures like dragon and dragons that have changedand they kill or capture them.In well-known sources and common narrations about him,Keixosrow Kiani is also one of these kings whohe is not a dragon race, but the story of his confrontation with the dragon is a genuine and ancient narrative that its background may be pre-Islamic sources of Iran and two different reports have survived in Arabic and Persian sources.The first report is in the book of “history of the Senii of the Moluk al-arz va al-anbia” written by Hamze Isfahani and then Zajjaji’sHomayoon nameh and Tarikhe Gozideh and Mostofi’sNozhat al goloob, in which Kexosrowkilled a dragon on the mountain between Fars and Isfahan and the other is the history narrative of Qom that the king is going to Qom to keeping back the dragon’s damage and the dragon escapes from her.The story of killing the dragon by Keyxosrowdue to lack of it in important and impressive texts such as Shahnameh and Tabari historyandagain tobe more prominent of the sacred and spiritual aspect of the king than his warfare and gladiatorship remained unknown and far from attention.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
shahrzad radmanesh; abolghasem ghavam; reza ashraf zadeh
Abstract
Most of the coordinates of language in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh are based on a central dialogue, along with these speeches, we also encounter the characters. The role of self-reflection is used for lonely conversations and is a narrative that shows the emotional experiences of story characters at different ...
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Most of the coordinates of language in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh are based on a central dialogue, along with these speeches, we also encounter the characters. The role of self-reflection is used for lonely conversations and is a narrative that shows the emotional experiences of story characters at different levels of mind and is close to the flow of the mind. This pre-speech stage is an internal quest that the person uses to explain the situations and present their minds. In literature, language and self-reflection are two systems of sign and try to depict the contents of the mind's personality. Self-reflection in Shahnameh means production and conceptual applications.In this paper, from the point of view of linking literature with psychology, spontaneity in Shahnameh has been characterized by two qualitative and quantitative research methods, which shows a significant relationship between self-reflection and personality in Ferdowsi's Shahnam. The result is that selfishness in actions such as action, action or confrontation has shown a passive attitude, while the relationship of personality faces with self-reflection is far more effective and clearer. In the analysis of the content, the most authoritative personality of Shahnameh with (23) Beit Rustam and then Siavash (20) Beat and Kikavos (18 bits) are the most authoritative characters.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
sattar pir eynaddin; abdollah toloeiazar; fatemeh modarresi
Abstract
An element or elements that unite the story of a single entity, the elements and its elements are interconnected, are called essentials. It strengthens the element or elements of the structure of the story and gives it, in certain narrative situations, its prominence and meaning, due to its repetition, ...
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An element or elements that unite the story of a single entity, the elements and its elements are interconnected, are called essentials. It strengthens the element or elements of the structure of the story and gives it, in certain narrative situations, its prominence and meaning, due to its repetition, prominence and meaning. These materials, in addition to highlighting, are also effective in moving the story. In many Persian fables, the foundation forms the story structure. In this sense, the story circles around it in its entirety, and the events that occur in the story form around the same material. The most important elements that are active in the epic works of action are: hero, hero journey, dream and dream, concealment of name, prophecy, war, castle, dragon and dragon, magic and wizards, war instruments and more. As a religious epic in the creation of the story and the theme of the work, Khavaranameh has used these materials well and has promoted its artistic and influential influences as well as the prominence of the story. We will look at these materials in this article
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
Farzad Ghaemi
Abstract
The old Burzō-nāma is one of the most important epic texts of Persian that after Ferdowsi's Shāh-nāma, has the most plurality and diversity of manuscripts among Persian epic texts; but since it has only an independent manuscript, most of which are the manuscripts of Shāh-nāma, they are less cognitively ...
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The old Burzō-nāma is one of the most important epic texts of Persian that after Ferdowsi's Shāh-nāma, has the most plurality and diversity of manuscripts among Persian epic texts; but since it has only an independent manuscript, most of which are the manuscripts of Shāh-nāma, they are less cognitively reviewed accurate. The identity of this work as an accompanying story in Ferdowsi's Shāh-nāma is not a specific feature of this text. This essay, by examining the quality of the transmutation of the old Burzō-nāma, and analyzing and generalizing the findings of the manuscript, designed the triplet model for the classification of the sources of this genre: the Persian National Epic. According to this model, Persian epics are found in the seventh and tenth centuries in three Text Types of manuscripts: Independent manuscript, a manuscript in the epic collection and a manuscript in the Shāh-nāma manuscript.The literary tradition that created these texts is the tradition of "compiling the Additional stories." According to this tradition, both the creators of the works and the scribes of manuscripts, instead of creating an independent work, had a motive for adding their story to the genre's standard text (Shāh-nāma). For this reason, most of the manuscripts of the ancient period (47 manuscripts out of 54 manuscripts) were manuscripts annexed to Shāh-nāma, and the poet (Kōsaj) also probably wrote the work for adding the Shāh-nāma, or at least in relation to it.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
roghaiie moghaddam; hamid reza farzi; ali dehghan
Abstract
The mythical critique as one of the approaches to contemporary literary criticism explains the nature and characteristics of myths and their role in literature. In this article, we analyzed Garshaspname Asadi Tusi's based on Pearson's view, which is one of mythical critique viewpoints. Garshasb's life ...
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The mythical critique as one of the approaches to contemporary literary criticism explains the nature and characteristics of myths and their role in literature. In this article, we analyzed Garshaspname Asadi Tusi's based on Pearson's view, which is one of mythical critique viewpoints. Garshasb's life consists of various trips that each journey gives rise to one of the characteristics of his personality. And then his personality is complete. The giraffes of the Gershaphas show his passage from his stage to life and then himself. With the advent of the ancient pairs of the pattern, the background to the birth of the sacred child, Khodabano, the death and rebirth, the ideal of the city and .... Garshasb, the hero of these trips, fell in love with his inner and social journey through various obstacles and trials. And conquer on fairy instead of blending with him and perform Sacrifice ceremony And what inspires the immortality of the spirit of Garshasb is the awareness and cognition that the traveler gains from the father and other helpers during the journey.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
JABBAR NASIRI; eshaq toghiani
Abstract
Narrative love poems constitute a part of Persian classical literary texts, and they are divided into three areas of epic, lyrical, and mystical literature. One of the common features of these works is the extensive presence of the and mythological archetypes and elements in them which could be described, ...
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Narrative love poems constitute a part of Persian classical literary texts, and they are divided into three areas of epic, lyrical, and mystical literature. One of the common features of these works is the extensive presence of the and mythological archetypes and elements in them which could be described, evaluated, and discussed using mythological criticism. In this paper some of the poems of the collection of One Hundred Persian Narrative Love Poems are discussed using the comparative mythological approach of Max Muller regarding the structure and character interaction. Reading the poems in the light of this approach allows us to determine why the protagonists journey lasts one year, to what purpose the orient and the occident are mentioned (China and Roman Empire), the reason behind the presence of a guide, witches and seducing women, horoscopic names, fictional characters and the manifold adventures of the protagonist of the poems. . .
