Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی

Author

• Khalil Kahrizi

Ph.D educated, Persian Language & LiteratureKERMANSHAH.IRAN

Abstract

In correcting a text such as Shahnameh, not only it is necessary to distinguish the correct scripts from the incorrect ones and the original verses from the added ones, but also, it is special importance to find the correct position of the verses in the vertical axis of the word. The verse "قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده/فلک گفت احسنت و مه گفت زه" has been mentioned in two places in Shahnameh with five other verses; once in Rostam's battle with Ashkboos and once in Bahram Choobin's war with Saveh Sking. In this article, we have tried to first show the status of this verse in the Shahnameh manuscripts. After that, we have tried to discuss its authenticity by pay attention to the situation of this verse in the manuscripts. Based on our researches, no solid reason has been provided so far for considering this verse as an appendix, and in addition to the unanimity of the manuscripts, one can also find a side confirmation of its authenticity in the collection of Homam Tabrizi. On the other hand, despite the fact that this verse is mentioned in twelve important manuscripts up to the ninth century AH, they do not have the oldest manuscript of Shahnameh and Senjozov manuscript, and Bondari has not translated it. Therefore, it is difficult to make a definite decision about it, and until we find a valid document, it is better to take it into the text in the grip of doubt.

Highlights

قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده

A Study of the Position and Status of the Verse in Shahnameh

Khalil Kahrizi

PhD. in Persian Language and Literature

Abstract

In correcting a text such as Shahnameh, not only is it necessary to distinguish the correct scripts from the incorrect ones but it is also especially important to recognize the original verses from the added ones, finding the correct position of the verse in the vertical axis of the word. The writers, who mainly tried to write the text very quickly, sometimes slipped in their works and they changed the position of one or more verses. This was so common in some manuscripts that the writers were forced to eliminate such errors by meddling with the text of Shahnameh and changing it. Of course, sometimes these shifts are intentional. In other words, a writer who is familiar with Shahnameh and remembers the verses from it has added them to another place in addition to the original place. Of course, all of these cases should not be blamed on the writers, but sometimes they were just the perpetrators of these robberies. One of the important examples of this phenomenon in the Shahnameh manuscripts is the five-verse story of Bahram Choobin's war with Saveh king, which has been repeated in Rostam's battle with Ashkboos.

Keywords: Ferdowsi, Shahnameh, Correction, Rostam and Ashkboos, Bahram and Saveh Shah.

Materials and Methods

Prior to Khaleghi Motlagh's correction, the authoritative editions of Shahnameh had taken those verses to the text in both positions; however, considering the status of his manuscripts, Khaleghi claimed that they belonged to the battle of Bahram and Saveh king, and he avoided including them in the text of Rostam's battle with Ashkboos. Following these five verses, with a verse of space, the famous verse "قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده / فلک گفت احسنت و مه گفت زه " has appeared in many of the manuscripts of Rostam’s battle with Ashkboos, and in one manuscript, Bahram's war with Saveh king. Although Khaleghi Motlagh considers this verse to be a collection with the previous five verses and believes that they belong to Bahram's war with Saveh king, in both positions, he has taken it out of the text and marginalized it. However, no explicit explanation has been given as to why it is an appendix. Of course, the unity of the London manuscript in recording this verse in Bahram's war with Saveh king can be considered a convincing reason for considering it as an annex, and therefore, Khaleghi Motlagh and Khatibi had the right not to include it in the text in correcting the seventh book of Shahnameh. However, it should not be forgotten that the uniqueness of the manuscript that contains this verse is related to the story of Bahram Choobin's war with Saveh king, while in the battle of Rostam with Ashkboos, a large number of manuscripts have recorded this verse. This issue can cast doubts on the correct position of this verse in Shahnameh and its original and additional discussion. Therefore, in this article, we have tried to discuss the status and originality of this verse in the manuscripts by criticizing the previous researches and we pay attention to its status. To our knowledge, so far, no solid reason has been provided for considering this verse as an appendix, and in addition to the unanimity of the manuscripts, one can also find a side confirmation of its authenticity in the collection of Homam Tabrizi. Our studies show that we must first review the status of the verse " قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده / فلک گفت احسنت و مه گفت زه" in the oldest complete manuscript of Shahnameh, dated 675 AH.

Conclusion

In this manuscript, the verse we are looking for is in the text in the story of Bahram Choobin's war with Saveh king, and in Rostam's battle with Ashkboos, it is added in the margin. Of course, based on evidence, the addition of this verse in the margin of the story of Rostam's war with Ashkboos must be the result of corrections and additions by the writers or the person who wrote the transcripts of the version. Therefore, it cannot be simply added to the margins of this manuscript. Besides, a delay on the important manuscripts of Shahnameh shows that eleven other important manuscripts recorded this verse in the battle of Rostam with Ashkboos by the end of the ninth century AH. Therefore, as in previous studies, the London manuscript should not be considered unique in recording this verse; rather, this unity should be considered in the story of Bahram Choobin's war with Saveh king, not in the story of Rostam's war with Ashkboos. Because this verse is mentioned in only one manuscript in Bahram Choobin's war with Saveh king and in Rostam's war with Ashkboos, it is recorded in twelve manuscripts of Shahnameh up to the ninth century AH and with five repeated verses of Bahram and Saveh king that is a verse far away in which the name of Ashkboos is also mentioned. We should consider it as belonging to the story of Rostam's war with Ashkaboos, which was transferred to Bahram's war with Saveh king with the repetitive verses of this story in one of the manuscripts. Therefore, as we see in the final version of the Moscow edition, it is incorrect to include this verse in the text of Bahram's war with Saveh king, and it should be marginalized in this part of Shahnameh. Having determined the main position of the verse in Shahnameh, we recommend other researchers to study its authenticity and appendix. Considering that this verse is one of the six main manuscripts of the correction of the third book of the corrected Shahnameh of Khaleghi Motlagh in four manuscripts of London. Istanbul, Cairo, Istanbul 2 and in eight other important manuscripts up to the ninth century AH, should be considered original; however, since the oldest manuscript of the Shahnameh, Florence, does not have it, and in the important manuscript of Saint-Joseph, it is recorded in the margins and Bondari did not translate its content into Arabic, it should be taken to the text in doubt and until a more authentic document is found. It was enough for this situation.

References

• Aydenloo, Sajad (2015). Daftare Khosrowan (a selection of Shahnameh), Tehran, Sokhan Press.
• ش (2017). Dictionary of Arabic words of Shahnameh, Tehran, Sokhan Press.
• Afshar, Iraj and Daneshpazhooh, Manoochehr (1995). Minovi Library and Central library of Institute Catalog, Tehran, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
• Al-bondari, Al-Fath Ben Ali (1970). Al – Shahnameh, Edited by Abdol - Vaahed Ezaam, Tehran.
• Hamad – Allah, Mostowfi (1998). Zafarnaame and Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, Facsimile Edition.
• of Manuscript 807, Editor Nasr – Allah Poorjavaadi and Nosrat – Allaah, Rastgaar, Tehran, University Publication Center.
• Khaaleqi Motlaq, Jalaal (2009). Sokhanhaaie Dirine, Edited by Ali Dehbaashi, Tehran, Afkaar Press.
• ________ (2010). Notes on the Shahnameh, Tehran, the Centre for the Great Islamic Press.
• ________ (2018). “Shahnameh of Topkapi saray 731 AH”, Bukhara, No 123, pp 60 – 101.
• Khatibi, Abolfazl (2006). “The Facsimile of the oldest complete manuscript of Shahnameh”, Nameye Farhangestan, No 31, pp 132 – 139.
• ________ (2007). “Rational use of lateral sources on Edit of Shahnameh”, Nameye Anjoman, No 25, pp 53 – 66.
• Caqman, Filiz and Soucek, Priscilla (1992). “A Royal Manuscript and its Transformations”,
• Iranshenasi, No 4, pp 734 – 764.
• Rafiei, Daavood (2016). “An Explanation About قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده”, Roshd e Amoozesh e Zaban Va Adab e Farsi, 30th period, No 2, pp 10 – 11.
• Rooyani, Vahid and Farzishob, Monireh (2015). “A Study on THE Effect of Shahnameh on Bazel Mashadi′s Heydary Attack”, Jostarhaye Novin e Adabi, No 189, pp 113 – 139.
• Shapooran, Ali (2016). “Equality of Two Manuscript of Shahnameh and its Result”, Gozaresh e Miras, 3th period, No 3 – 4, pp 32 – 48.
• Forati, Ali (2014). “A Criticism About قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده”, Roshd e Amoozesh e Zaban va Adab e Farsi, 28^th period, No 4.
• Ferdowsi, Abolqasem (1965). Shahnameh, Vol 4, Edited by R. Aliov, A. Bertels, M. Osmanov, Editional Supervision by A. Nooshin, Moscow, Soviet Academy of Sciences.
• ________ (1970). Shahnameh, Vol 8, Edited by R. Aliov, Editional Supervision by A. Azar, Moscow, Soviet Academy of Sciences.
• ________ (2000). Shahnameh and Khamsa of Nezami, Facsimile Edition of 8^th Century Manuscript Preserved at Library of the Centre for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Tehran, the Centre for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.
• ________ (2001). Shahnameh, Edited by Mostafa Jeihooni, Esfahan, Shahnameh – Pazhoohi.
• ________ (2005). Shahnameh, Facsimile Edition of 7^th Century Manuscript of Shahnameh London, Tehran, Talaieh.
• ________ (2006). Shahnameh, Edited by Mir – Jalaal al – din Kazzazi, Tehran, Samt.
• ________ (2007). Shahnameh, Edited by Jules Mohl, Tehran, Elmi Va Farhangi.
• ________ (2010A). Shahnameh, Edited by Jalaal Khaleqi Motlaq, Tehran, the Centre for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.
• ________ (2010B). Shahnameh, Facsimile Edition of the Manuscript possibly copied in late seventh to earl eight centuries, Editors Iraj Afshar, Mahmoud Omidsalar, Nader Mottalebi Kashani, Tehran,
• Talaieh.
• ________ (2012). Shahnameh, Edited by M. N. Osmanov and …, Editional Supervision by Mahdi Qarib, Tehran, Soroush.
• ________ (2014). Shahnameh, Edited by Jalaal Khaleqi Motlaq, Tehran, Sokhan.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 731 AH, Topkapi saray Library.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 733 AH, Leningrad Library.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 741 AH, Cario Library.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 796 AH, Cario Library.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 848 AH, Library of Pap in the Vatikan.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 848 AH, National Library of Paris.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 894 AH, Berlin Library.
• Kahrizi, Khalil (2020). “Shahnameh in the Collection of Homaam Tabrizi”, Journal of the Workbook of Literary Texts in Iraqi Caree, Vol 1, Issue 1, pp 65 – 76.
• Mortazavi, Manoochehr (2012). Ilkhaid s Issues, Tbriz, University of Tabriz.
• Haftlashkar (1998). Toomaar e Haftlashkar, Edited by Mehran Afshari and Mahdi Madaaieni, Tehran, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
• Homaam, Mohammad Ben Fereydoon (2015). Divaan e Homaam e Tabrizi, Tehran, Academy of Persian Language and Literature.

Keywords

• Ferdowsi
• Shahnameh
• Correction
• Rostam and Ashkboos
• Bahram and Saveh King

20.1001.1.22517979.1399.73.242.10.7

Main Subjects

• . Epicical and Mythical Literature

• Aydenloo, Sajad (2015). Daftare Khosrowan (a selection of Shahnameh), Tehran, Sokhan Press.
• ________ (2017). Dictionary of Arabic words of Shahnameh, Tehran, Sokhan Press.
• Afshar, Iraj and Daneshpazhooh, Manoochehr (1995). Minovi Library and Central library of Institute Catalog, Tehran, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
• Al-bondari, Al-Fath Ben Ali (1970). Al – Shahnameh, Edited by Abdol - Vaahed Ezaam, Tehran.
• Hamad – Allah, Mostowfi (1998). Zafarnaame and Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, Facsimile Edition.
• of Manuscript 807, Editor Nasr – Allah Poorjavaadi and Nosrat – Allaah, Rastgaar, Tehran, University Publication Center.
• Khaaleqi Motlaq, Jalaal (2009). Sokhanhaaie Dirine, Edited by Ali Dehbaashi, Tehran, Afkaar Press.
• ________ (2010). Notes on the Shahnameh, Tehran, the Centre for the Great Islamic Press.
• ________ (2018). “Shahnameh of Topkapi saray 731 AH”, Bukhara, No 123, pp 60 – 101.
• Khatibi, Abolfazl (2006). “The Facsimile of the oldest complete manuscript of Shahnameh”, Nameye Farhangestan, No 31, pp 132 – 139.
• ________ (2007). “Rational use of lateral sources on Edit of Shahnameh”, Nameye Anjoman, No 25, pp 53 – 66.
• Caqman, Filiz and Soucek, Priscilla (1992). “A Royal Manuscript and its Transformations”,
• Iranshenasi, No 4, pp 734 – 764.
• Rafiei, Daavood (2016). “An Explanation About قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده”, Roshd e Amoozesh e Zaban Va Adab e Farsi, 30th period, No 2, pp 10 – 11.
• Rooyani, Vahid and Farzishob, Monireh (2015). “A Study on THE Effect of Shahnameh on Bazel Mashadi′s Heydary Attack”, Jostarhaye Novin e Adabi, No 189, pp 113 – 139.
• Shapooran, Ali (2016). “Equality of Two Manuscript of Shahnameh and its Result”, Gozaresh e Miras, 3th period, No 3 – 4, pp 32 – 48.
• Forati, Ali (2014). “A Criticism About قضا گفت گیر و قدر گفت ده”, Roshd e Amoozesh e Zaban va Adab e Farsi, 28^th period, No 4.
• Ferdowsi, Abolqasem (1965). Shahnameh, Vol 4, Edited by R. Aliov, A. Bertels, M. Osmanov, Editional Supervision by A. Nooshin, Moscow, Soviet Academy of Sciences.
• ________ (1970). Shahnameh, Vol 8, Edited by R. Aliov, Editional Supervision by A. Azar, Moscow, Soviet Academy of Sciences.
• ________ (2000). Shahnameh and Khamsa of Nezami, Facsimile Edition of 8^th Century Manuscript Preserved at Library of the Centre for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia, Tehran, the Centre for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.
• ________ (2001). Shahnameh, Edited by Mostafa Jeihooni, Esfahan, Shahnameh – Pazhoohi.
• ________ (2005). Shahnameh, Facsimile Edition of 7^th Century Manuscript of Shahnameh London, Tehran, Talaieh.
• ________ (2006). Shahnameh, Edited by Mir – Jalaal al – din Kazzazi, Tehran, Samt.
• ________ (2007). Shahnameh, Edited by Jules Mohl, Tehran, Elmi Va Farhangi.
• ________ (2010A). Shahnameh, Edited by Jalaal Khaleqi Motlaq, Tehran, the Centre for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia.
• ________ (2010B). Shahnameh, Facsimile Edition of the Manuscript possibly copied in late seventh to earl eight centuries, Editors Iraj Afshar, Mahmoud Omidsalar, Nader Mottalebi Kashani, Tehran,
• Talaieh.
• ________ (2012). Shahnameh, Edited by M. N. Osmanov and …, Editional Supervision by Mahdi Qarib, Tehran, Soroush.
• ________ (2014). Shahnameh, Edited by Jalaal Khaleqi Motlaq, Tehran, Sokhan.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 731 AH, Topkapi saray Library.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 733 AH, Leningrad Library.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 741 AH, Cario Library.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 796 AH, Cario Library.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 848 AH, Library of Pap in the Vatikan.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 848 AH, National Library of Paris.
• ________, Manuscript of Shahnameh, 894 AH, Berlin Library.
• Kahrizi, Khalil (2020). “Shahnameh in the Collection of Homaam Tabrizi”, Journal of the Workbook of Literary Texts in Iraqi Caree, Vol 1, Issue 1, pp 65 – 76.
• Mortazavi, Manoochehr (2012). Ilkhaid s Issues, Tbriz, University of Tabriz.
• Haftlashkar (1998). Toomaar e Haftlashkar, Edited by Mehran Afshari and Mahdi Madaaieni, Tehran, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies.
• Homaam, Mohammad Ben Fereydoon (2015). Divaan e Homaam e Tabrizi, Tehran, Academy of Persian Language and Literature.