Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی
Author
Kurdish Language and Literature, Faculty of Language .and Literature, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. Faculty member of Kurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
Abstract
Controversy between modern poets and fans of traditional poetry is an issue that has always been of interest to scholars in the historical and cultural study of the formation of modern poetry. The debates that each of these two factions raised about poetry and its implications were based on a critique of the other side's discourses and views; therefore, by analyzing the content of each of these two groups, the concepts and opinions of the other group can be understood. The issue of the controversy between modernists and traditionalists over poetry was not only raised in literary circles, but also the poetry of modern poets. The poet's mental design in such poems is based on the contrast between the nature of modern poetry and classical poetry, which can be analyzed to understand both the poetic discourse of modernists and the implicit views of traditionalists. The subject of "Poetry that is life" by Shamloo and the poem "Honrawakanm" by Sherko Bekas, a Kurdish modernist poet, are taken from the same discussions about the nature of modern poetry and its difference from classical poetry. In this essay, they are analyzed analytically, based on literary discourse, to show the common concepts and foundations of new poetry discourse in both Persian and Kurdish literature. The result of the research shows that the literary discourse in these two poems is subject-oriented and function-oriented, and both poets have explained the nature of new poetry and criticism of classical poetry from the aspect of motivating and informing.
Highlights
Analyzing the literary discourse of New Persian and Kurdish poetry in two poems by Shamloo and Sherko Bekas
Farhad Mohammadi: Assistant professor of Kurdish language and literature & Faculty member of Kurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
Introduction
During the formation of new poetry in both Persian and Kurdish literature, the conflict between modernists and traditionalists was one of the important issues. Each of these two factions presented their views on poetry in the form of manifestos and they also gave reasons to criticize the other side's point of view. Such discussions had the form of a literary discourse due to the fact that they were conducted in a specific framework and context (=literary subject) and with arguments to prove their point of view and criticize the opinions of the other side. This literary discourse between modernists and traditionalists about poetry and its nature, in addition to taking place in literary meetings and official associations, also found its way into literary works such as poems and stories, and became a topic for poets and writers. The poem of "The poem that is life" by Ahmed Shamloo and the poem of " My poems" by Sherko Bekas, a contemporary Kurdish poet, are examples whose subject is taken from the same debates between the proponents and opponents of new poetry. In fact, these two poems emerged from the common discourse in the Literary meetings of that period of Persian and Kurdish literature about poetry. The space of the literary discourse of new poetry, which was formed at a certain historical moment in contemporary Persian and Kurdish literature, is considered as the extra-textual or extra-linguistic context governing these two poems by Shamloo and Bekas. In these two poems, there are propositions that can be analyzed to explain the viewpoints and standards that both parties had regarding the nature of the poem. The analysis of literary discourse in this essay means to determine the literary space in which the propositions of these two poems were created and what presuppositions and criteria played a role in their production.
Methodology
A proposition is not only the one that has an objective and verbal expression, rather, beyond the formal level, there are other conceptual layers that have been influential in the production of that proposition; Therefore, in this research, the propositions of these two poems have been analyzed based on their implicit meaning and they are analyzed according to all intra-textual and extra-textual factors that played a role in their production and formation. Mechanisms such as "prediction", "semantic implication" and "explicit and non-explicit expression" which are used in semantics to study the meaning of words and sentences, are the display of implicit and hidden information in words and sentences.
Discussion
In composing these two poems, Shamloo and Bekas have had a specific model and image of classical poetry in mind, and they have expressed the concepts and conceptual propositions of their poetry with a critical look at it. Criticizing the foundations of classical poetry and explaining the components of new poetry is the focus of literary discourse in these two poems; Therefore, the discourse analysis of these two poems identifies what features both poets considered necessary for contemporary poetry that classical poetry lacked. The most important topics obtained from the analysis of the propositions of these two poems are:
1- Criticism of the discussion of "specific words" in poetry:
In classical criticism, it was said that not every word can enter the poem and that special words must be used in the poem; But in the new poetry, one of the most important achievements was that every word could play an important role in expressing the poet's emotions and thoughts. For this reason, in the new poetry, the limitation that was considered for the word in the classical poetry was removed.
2- Emphasis on the thematic background of the poem
What Shamloo and Bekas have paid most attention to in these two poems is the thematic aspect of the poem. They often consider the topic of poetry in relation to life and the conditions and events of society. It was with this basis and rule that they considered the subject of classical poetry unrelated to social issues and situations. They considered classical poetry for the reader lacking awareness of the surrounding conditions and society.
3- The unlimited scope of the subject in the new poetry
Another criticism that Shamloo and Bekas, like other modernist poets, had towards classical poetry was the issue of its thematic scope. They believed that classical poetry has a limited scope and deals with specific and repeated topics and themes; While they believe that anything can be the subject of a poem and the scope of a poem should not be limited.
4- Prominence of the link between the new poem and the audience
Today's reader wants a poem that fits the life of her/his time so that she/he can relate to it. A poem that the reader can relate to is a poem written based on a certain hypothetical audience. Such poetry, which is appropriate to the historical conditions, often meets the expectations of the audience.
Conclusion
What emerges from the analysis of these two poems is that Shamloo and Bekas, like other modernists, have based their opinions and views on the necessity of innovation in poetry. With the presupposition that poetry should be the voice of its era and be transformed with the evolutions and changes in various aspects of life, they consider classical poetry ineffective for reflecting the spirit, emotion, imagination and thought of contemporary man; For this reason, they have considered changes in all aspects of poetry as necessary. From their point of view, some elements of poetry which in the past were considered to be part of the essence of poetry are unnecessary, and they considered adherence to them as an obstacle on the poet's path to change and innovation in the field of poetry. In these two poems, which are considered as their poetic manifesto, although they mostly focused on the thematic aspect of the poem, they also focused on other aspects such as the words of the poem, the functional role of the poem and paying attention to the horizon of the reader's expectations.
Keywords: New poetry, classical poetry, literary discourse, the subject of poetry, social issues, Shamloo, Bekas.
References
- Āryānpoor, Yahyā. (2000). Az Saba ta Nima. Vol 2, 7th edition. Tehrān: Zavvār.
- Asadollāhi Tejaragh, AllāhShokr. (2009). Semantics: based on Catherine Kerbrat-Orkiuni's perspective. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e ‘elmi va farhangi.
- Bekas, Sherko. (2015). Tərɪfa-y haŁbast. Tehrān: Āryooĥān.
- Cherāghi, Rezā. (2011). “Discursive Aspects of the Modernist Poets’ Approach to Persian Classic Poetry”. Adab pazhuhi, No 18, pp: 9-39.
- Cherāghi, Rezā. et al. (2011). “Analysis of critical approaches of Iranian enlighteners to classical poetry”. Pazhuhesh-e zabān va adabyat-e fārsi. No 20, pp: 137-162.
- Daichez, David. (1994). Critical Approaches to Literature. Translated by Mohammad taghi Sedighyāni va Gholāmhosein Yoosefi. 4th edition. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e ‘elmi.
- Fairclough, Norman. (2000). Critical discourse analysis. Translated by Fāteme Shayestepirān, et al. Third edition. Tehrān: Vezārat-e farhang va ershād-e eslāmi.
- Farshidvard, Khosro. (1994). Darbāra-ye adabyāt va naghd-e adabi. Vol 1. Second edition. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
- Fotoohi, Mahmood. (2007). Balāghat-e taswir. Tehrān: Sokhan.
- Fowler, Roger. (2016). Style and language in literary criticism. Translated by Maryam Mosharref. Tehrān: Sokhan.
- Hall, Vernon. (2000). A Short history of literary criticism. Translated by Hādi Āqājāni, et al. Tehrān: Rahnamā.
- Hoghooghi, Mohammad. (1998). She’r-e now: az Āghāz tā emrooz. Second edition. Tehrān: Nashr-e sāles.
- Hoseinpoor, Ali. (2005). Jarayān-hā-ye she’ri-e mo’āser-e fārsi. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
- Karimi Hakāk, Ahmad. (2005). Recasting Persian Poetry. Translated by Mas’ood Ja’fari. Tehrān: Morvārid.
- Koorosh, Safavi. (2003). Applied semantics. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e Hamshahri.
- Lyons, John. (2012). An introduction to the semantics of language. Translated by Koorosh Safavi. Tehrān: Nashr-e ‘elmi.
- Poornāmdāryān, Taghi. (2002). Safar dar meh. Tehrān: Negāh.
- Qirwāni, Ibn-e Rashiq. (1955). Al’omda fi mahāsen alshe’r va ādābehi va naqdehi. Edited by Mohammad mahyadin ‘abdolhamid. Egypt: No publisher.
- Richards, I.A. (1996). Principles of Literary Criticism. Translated by Sa’id Hamidyān. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e ‘elmi va farhangi.
- Sadjādi, Bakhtiār & Mazhar Ebrāhimi. (2019). Kurdish language and literature. Third edition. Saqqez: Gutār.
- Scholes, Robert. (2000). Structuralism in Literature. Translated by Farzāne Tāheri. Tehrān: Āgah.
- Seyed-Hoseini, Rezā. (2008). Literary schools. Vol 1. 15th edition. Tehrān: Negāh.
- Shafiei Kadkani, Mohammad Rezā. (2001). Persian Poetry Periods: From constitutionalism to the fall of Pahlavi. Tehrān: Sokhan.
- ______ (2013). Bā Cherāgh va Āyeneh: 4th edition. Tehrān: Sokhan.
- Shamisā, Siroos. (2009). literary criticism. Third edition. Tehrān: Nashr-e Mitrā.
- ______ (2003). Poetry stylistics. 9th edition. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e Ferdows.
- Shāmloo, Ahmad. (2008). Collection of works, book 1: Poems. 8th edition. Tehrān: Negāh.
- Sha’iri, Hamid Rezā. (2012). “A Semio-Semantic Analysis of Ecstasy in Literary Discourse”. Literary researches. 9 (36) :129-146.
- Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein. (1994). Literary Criticism. Vol 2. 5th edition. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
- _______ (1993). She’r-e bidoroogh, she’r-e bineghāb. 7th edition. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e ‘elmi.
واکاوی گفتمان ادبی شعر نو فارسی و کُردی در دو شعر از شاملو و شیرکو بیکس
فرهاد محمدی: استادیار زبان و ادبیات کُردی و عضو هیأت علمی پژوهشکدۀ کردستانشناسی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران
مقدمه
در جریان شکلگیری شعر نو در دو ادبیات فارسی و کُردی، جدال بین نوگرایان و سنتگرایان یکی از مسائل مهّمی بود که هر کدام از این دو جناح در قالب بیانیههایی به طرح دیدگاههای خود در باب شعر میپرداختند و برای نقد دیدگاه طرف مقابل نیز دلایلی را بیان میکردند. اینگونه مباحث به سبب این که در چهارچوب و زمینۀ مشخصی (= موضوعی ادبی) و با استدلال در اثبات دیدگاه خود و نقد نظرات طرف مقابل انجام میشد، شکل یک گفتمان ادبی داشت که در آن میتوان مبانی و معیارهای هر یک را مشاهده کرد. این گفتمان ادبی بین نوگراها و سنتگراها در باب شعر و ماهیت آن، علاوه بر این که در محافل ادبی و انجمنهای رسمی صورت میگرفت، در آثار ادبی همچون شعر و داستان نیز راه یافت و دستمایۀ موضوعی برای شاعران و نویسندگان قرار گرفت. شعرِ «شعری که زندگی است» از احمد شاملو و شعرِ «هۆنراوهکانم» از شیرکو بیکس، شاعر معاصر کُرد، نمونههایی است که موضوع آنها برگرفته از همین مباحث طرفداران و مخالفان شعر نو است. در واقع این دو شعر برآمده از گفتمان رایج در محافل ادبیِ آن دورۀ ادبیات فارسی و کُردی دربارۀ شعر بوده است. فضای گفتمان ادبی شعر نو که در یک مقطع تاریخی معیّن در ادبیات معاصر فارسی و کُردی شکل گرفت، به عنوان بافت برونمتنی یا برونزبانی حاکم بر دو شعر مورد نظر از شاملو و بیکس به شمار میرود. در این دو شعر گزارههایی وجود دارد که با تحلیل آنها میتوان دیدگاهها و معیارهایی را که دو طرف نسبت به چگونگی شعر داشتهاند، تبیین کرد. منظور از تحلیل گفتمان ادبی در این جستار این است که تعیین شود گزارههای این دو شعر در چه فضای ادبیای به وجود آمدهاند و چه پیشفرضها و معیارهایی در تولید آنها نقش داشته است.
روششناسی
یک گزاره از نظر ماهیتی صرفاً همان نیست که در سطح کلام نمود عینی و لفظی دارد، بلکه ورای سطح صوری، لایههای مفهومی دیگری نیز وجود دارد که در تولید آن گزاره تأثیرگذار بودهاند؛ بنابراین در این جستار تحلیل گزارههای این دو شعر بر مبنای معنای ضمنی آنها صورت گرفته است و با توجّه به تمام عوامل درونمتنی و برونمتنی که در تولید و شکلگیری آنها نقش داشتهاند، تحلیل و بررسی میشود. مکانیزمهایی مانندِ «ازپیشانگاری»، «استلزام معنایی» و «بیان صریح و غیرصریح» که در معناشناسی برای مطالعۀ معنی واژه و جمله کاربرد دارند، نمایش اطلاعات ضمنی و نهفته در واژهها و جملات است.
بحث و بررسی
شاملو و بیکس در سرایش این دو شعر الگو و تصویر خاصی از شعر کلاسیک در ذهن داشتهاند که با نگاه انتقادی بدان، مفاهیم و گزارههای مفهومی شعر خود را بیان کردهاند؛ نقد بنیانهای شعر کلاسیک و تبیین مؤلفههای شعر نو، محور گفتمان ادبی در این دو شعر است؛ ازاینرو گفتمانکاوی این دو شعر مشخّص میکند که هر دو شاعر چه ویژگیهایی را برای شعر معاصر لازم میدانستند که شعر کلاسیک فاقد آنها بوده است. مهمترین مباحثی که از تحلیل گزارههای این دو شعر به دست آمده است، عبارتند از:
1- نقد بحث «الفاظ خاص» در شعر
در نقد کلاسیک گفته میشد که هر لفظی نمیتواند وارد شعر شود و باید واژگان خاصی در شعر به کار رود؛ امّا در شعر نو یکی از مهّمترین دستاوردها این بود که هر لفظی میتوانست نقش مهّمی را در بیان عاطفه و اندیشۀ شاعر ایفا کند؛ به همین سبب در شعر نو آن محدودیتی که برای لفظ در شعر کلاسیک لحاظ میشد، برداشته شد.
2- تأکید بر بستر موضوعی شعر
آنچه شاملو و بیکس در این دو شعر بیش از همه بدان توجّه کردهاند، جنبۀ موضوعی شعر است. موضوع شعر را نیز غالباً در ارتباط با زندگی و شرایط و رخدادهای جامعه میسنجیدند. با این مبنا و قاعده بود که موضوع شعر کلاسیک را بیارتباط با مسائل و اوضاع اجتماعی میدانستند و آن را برای خواننده فاقد آگاهیبخشی نسبت به شرایط پیرامون و دنیای بیرونی قلمداد میکردند.
3- نامحدودیت دامنۀ موضوعی در شعر نو
یکی دیگر از انتقادهایی که شاملو و بیکس، همچون دیگر شاعران نوگرا، نسبت به شعر کلاسیک داشتند، مسألۀ دامنۀ موضوعی آن بود. آنان بر این باور بودند که شعر کلاسیک دامنۀ محدودی دارد و به موضوعات و مضامین مشخّص و تکراری میپردازد؛ در حالی که به باور آنان هر چیزی میتواند موضوع شعر قرار بگیرد و دامنۀ موضوعیِ شعر نباید با محدودیتی همراه باشد.
4- برجستگی پیوند شعر نو با مخاطب
خوانندۀ امروزی خواستار شعری است که متناسب با زندگی روزگار او باشد تا بتواند با آن ارتباط برقرار کند. شعری که خواننده بتواند با آن ارتباط برقرار کند و با لذّت بردن از آن، رضایت خاطر وی حاصل شود، شعری است که بر اساس مخاطب فرضیِ معیّن و با صفات مشخّص سروده شده است. چنین شعری که متناسب با شرایط تاریخی باشد، غالباً افق انتظارات مخاطبان را برآورده میکند.
نتیجهگیری
آنچه از تحلیل این دو شعر برمیآید، این است که شاملو و بیکس، همانند دیگر نوگرایان، اساس نظرات و دیدگاههای خود را بر لزوم نوآوری در شعر قرار دادهاند و با این پیشفرض که شعر باید صدای عصر خود باشد و پابهپای تحوّلات و تغییرات در جوانب مختلف زندگی دگرگون شود، شعر کلاسیک را برای انعکاس روحیه، عاطفه، تخیّل و اندیشۀ انسان معاصر ناکارآمد میدانند؛ به همین سبب تغییر در تمام جنبههای شعر را لازم و ضروری تلقّی کردهاند. شاملو و بیکس برخی از عناصر شعری را که در گذشته جزو اجزای ذاتی و ماهیّت شعر تلقّی میشد، غیرضروری دانستند و پایبندی به آنها را مانعی بر سر راه شاعر برای تغییر و نوآوری در حوزۀ شعر قلمداد میکردند. آنان در این دو شعر که به نوعی بیانیۀ شعری آنان به شمار میرود، گرچه بیشتر به جنبۀ موضوعی شعر پرداختهاند و عمدتاً از این جنبه، تفاوت شعر نو را با شعر کلاسیک سنجیدهاند، امّا به جنبههای دیگری همچون الفاظ شعر، نقش کارکردی شعر و توجّه به افق انتظارات خواننده پرداختهاند.
واژههای کلیدی: شعر نو، شعر کلاسیک، گفتمان ادبی، موضوع شعر، مسائل اجتماعی، شاملو، بیکس.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Āryānpoor, Yahyā. (2000). Az Saba ta Nima. Vol 2, 7th edition. Tehrān: Zavvār.
Asadollāhi Tejaragh, AllāhShokr. (2009). Semantics: based on Catherine Kerbrat-Orkiuni's perspective. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e ‘elmi va farhangi.
Bekas, Sherko. (2015). Tərɪfa-y haŁbast. Tehrān: Āryooĥān.
Cherāghi, Rezā. (2011). “Discursive Aspects of the Modernist Poets’ Approach to Persian Classic Poetry”. Adab pazhuhi, No 18, pp: 9-39.
Cherāghi, Rezā. et al. (2011). “Analysis of critical approaches of Iranian enlighteners to classical poetry”. Pazhuhesh-e zabān va adabyat-e fārsi. No 20, pp: 137-162.
Daichez, David. (1994). Critical Approaches to Literature. Translated by Mohammad taghi Sedighyāni va Gholāmhosein Yoosefi. 4th edition. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e ‘elmi.
Fairclough, Norman. (2000). Critical discourse analysis. Translated by Fāteme Shayestepirān, et al. Third edition. Tehrān: Vezārat-e farhang va ershād-e eslāmi.
Farshidvard, Khosro. (1994). Darbāra-ye adabyāt va naghd-e adabi. Vol 1. Second edition. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
Fotoohi, Mahmood. (2007). Balāghat-e taswir. Tehrān: Sokhan.
Fowler, Roger. (2016). Style and language in literary criticism. Translated by Maryam Mosharref. Tehrān: Sokhan.
Hall, Vernon. (2000). A Short history of literary criticism. Translated by Hādi Āqājāni, et al. Tehrān: Rahnamā.
Hoghooghi, Mohammad. (1998). She’r-e now: az Āghāz tā emrooz. Second edition. Tehrān: Nashr-e sāles.
Hoseinpoor, Ali. (2005). Jarayān-hā-ye she’ri-e mo’āser-e fārsi. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
Karimi Hakāk, Ahmad. (2005). Recasting Persian Poetry. Translated by Mas’ood Ja’fari. Tehrān: Morvārid.
Koorosh, Safavi. (2003). Applied semantics. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e Hamshahri.
Lyons, John. (2012). An introduction to the semantics of language. Translated by Koorosh Safavi. Tehrān: Nashr-e ‘elmi.
Poornāmdāryān, Taghi. (2002). Safar dar meh. Tehrān: Negāh.
Qirwāni, Ibn-e Rashiq. (1955). Al’omda fi mahāsen alshe’r va ādābehi va naqdehi. Edited by Mohammad mahyadin ‘abdolhamid. Egypt: No publisher.
Richards, I.A. (1996). Principles of Literary Criticism. Translated by Sa’id Hamidyān. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e ‘elmi va farhangi.
Sadjādi, Bakhtiār & Mazhar Ebrāhimi. (2019). Kurdish language and literature. Third edition. Saqqez: Gutār.
Scholes, Robert. (2000). Structuralism in Literature. Translated by Farzāne Tāheri. Tehrān: Āgah.
Seyed-Hoseini, Rezā. (2008). Literary schools. Vol 1. 15th edition. Tehrān: Negāh.
Shafiei Kadkani, Mohammad Rezā. (2001). Persian Poetry Periods: From constitutionalism to the fall of Pahlavi. Tehrān: Sokhan.
Shafiei Kadkani, Mohammad Rezā. (2013). Bā Cherāgh va Āyeneh: 4th edition. Tehrān: Sokhan.
Shamisā, Siroos. (2009). literary criticism. Third edition. Tehrān: Nashr-e Mitrā.
Shamisā, Siroos. (2003). Poetry stylistics. 9th edition. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e Ferdows.
Shāmloo, Ahmad. (2008). Collection of works, book 1: Poems. 8th edition. Tehrān: Negāh.
Sha’iri, Hamid Rezā. (2012). “A Semio-Semantic Analysis of Ecstasy in Literary Discourse”. Literary researches. 9 (36) :129-146.
Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein. (1994). Literary Criticism. Vol 2. 5th edition. Tehrān: Amirkabir.
- Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein. (1993). She’r-e bidoroogh, she’r-e bineghāb. 7th edition. Tehrān: Enteshārāt-e ‘elmi.
- https://doi.org/10.22034/perlit.2023.51116.3306