Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی
Authors
1 Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Persian Literature and Foreign Languages, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 student p.h.d / tabriz university, Iran
Abstract
The Safavid era is one of the most important periods in the history of Persian language and literature, and valuable works of poets and cultural geography literature of this period have been remembered. The cultural sphere of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia was more important in this era, and the contribution of Indian scholars in the field of vocabulary, criticism and linguistics was sometimes greater than that of Iranian writers. One of the most prominent literary figures of the subcontinent, Siraj-ud-Din Ali Khan Arzoust, who has rendered valuable services to Persian literature by composing more than twenty works. Fruitful is one of his valuable works. In this book, Arezoo talks about linguistic issues, phonological processes of exchange, heart, decrease and increase of phonology, and Iranian acquisitions in Arabic and Hindi words. In writing this work, he has commented on the book of Al-Muzahar Suyuti. Arezoo is one of the pioneers in the field of linguistics and one of the first to realize the harmony between Persian and Hindi. This work is a chapter on the compatibility and agreement of Persian and Arabic, Persian and Hindi and Tafris, and the compatibility of Persian and Hindi words has been studied from various angles, and in addition, throughout this work, several words are used according to the issues raised. In this article, the authors intend to provide the audience with a perspective on the mechanisms of Persian and Hindi language by presenting evidence to the audience.
Highlights
Persian and Hindi phonological Consistencies and Processes from Xân Ârezu’s Viewpoint[1]
Introduction:
The Safavid era is one of the most vital periods in the history of Persian language as well as Persian literature. Many valuable works of poets and cultural geography literature of this period have been recorded in the memories. Meanwhile, the cultural sphere of the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia was more significant in this era, and the Indian scholars took a more crucial role than Iranian intellectuals and writers in the field of describing texts, vocabularies, criticisms and linguistics. Serâj al-Din Ali Xân Ârezu was one of the most prominent literary figures of the subcontinent (1099 - 1069 AH). He wrote and composed more than twenty works, and also he made valuable contributions to the Persian language and literature. According to his speech, he had spent most of his precious life studying Persian language and was scientifically obsessed with the accuracy of words, derivation of words and the origin of words, and in this regard, he has presented scientific and lexical points in all his writings. His critique of the Abd al-Wase̕ Hânsavi’s Qarâyeb al-Loqat, written under the name of Nawâder-e alfâz, is an example of his lexicography in Persian and Hindi. Xân Ârezu is one of the geniuses in the Persian literature history who has worthy works in the fields of literary criticism, stylistics, descriptive writing, biography and lexicography. The book Mosmar is one of the valuable works of XânÂrezu. In this book, he has talked about linguistic issues, phonological change processes, anagram, decrease and increase of phonology, and Iranian acquisitions of Arabic and Hindi words, etc. When writing this book, Xân Ârezu has considered the Al-Muzhir book, the famous work of Jalâl al-Din al-Suyuti.
Problem Statement:
Xân Ârezu is one of the pioneers in the field of linguistics and one of the firsts who realized the harmony between Persian and Hindi, and according to him: “The right of research is that no one until today has not found an agreement between Hindi and Persian even by having many scholars and researchers of this profession in Persian or Hindi, except Ârezu.” He believes that there is harmony between languages and after stating the principle of linguistic agreement, in this work, he brings chapters on the compatibility and agreement between Persian and Arabic, Persian and Hindi
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[1] Assadollah Vahed : Professor of Persian Literature; University of Tabriz
avahed@tabrizu.ac.ir
mohamad ali karamfar : Ph.D. Student of Persian Literature; University of Tabriz
makaramfar@yahoo.com
.
Discussion:
Regarding the compatibility between Persian and Arabic languages, after mentioning the reasons for this agreement, he analyzes it from two aspects of Persianize and Arabicization. In the discussion of Persianize, he speaks about Persian-speakers occupying Arabic language terms and compounds, and remarks on the construction of fake infinitives and the interpretation of nouns, and etc. Xân Ârezu has made a mistake in interpreting and mentioning proverbs to share words in both Persian and Arabic languages and has found the mentioned Persian and Arabic words as similar, while they are not Persian at all, however they are forms of Pahlavi orthography, which is commonly called Hozvâreš. In the following, he cites forty-nine words from Al-Saâlabi quote from the Persian language in the book Fiqh al-luqat, which have been translated to Arabic and goes viral in the Arabic language. After this chapter, he discusses the principle of agreement between Persian and Hindi. According to his point of view, words that have the same or similar pronunciation in Persian and Hindi have a consistency of words. He examines the compatibility of Persian and Hindi words from different angles; in addition to that, he gives examples of various words in accordance with the raised issues. Regarding the whole treatise, it is understandable that he classifies the compatibility between Persian and Hindi into thirteen categories, which include; sharing the principles of word formation, sharing with phonetic changes, whether change in consonants like changing the consonant "s" to the consonant "h" and etc. or change in vowels. Moreover, due to his lack the basics of modern linguistics, he has sometimes made mistakes in expressing idioms. Common words with slight differences in letters such as the words thirsty in Persian and tesnâ in Hindi, common words with differences in meanings, common words with public and private relations, common ratio relations, common value relations, common virtual relations, agreement on differences in letter quality, common differences in quantity and abundance in the essence of the word, agreement on the anagram phonetic, as well as common words with several processes and changes, and at the end of the treatise and in the expression of proverbs, he sometimes refers to the similarity of some proverbs and their adaptation in Persian and Hindi. Xân Ârezu believes in translation from the Indian language to Persian and considers Persian translation as interference in the essence of the word due to changes in pronunciation or otherwise, also he believes that the people’s predominant suspicion is that the word is Hindi, unless it is prior to the mixture of Persian and Hindi. Throughout this treatise, Xân Ârezu also criticizes the opinions of lexicographers, especially the author of Borhân-e Qâte’, and he also believes that sometimes Indian lexicographers mistakenly include some Indian words in Persian dictionaries.
Conclusion:
In this article, the authors intend to provide the thoughtful audiences with a perspective on Persian and Hindi language mechanisms by presenting evidence to the audience. The main purpose of the authors is to express the primacy of Xân Ârezu’s erudition in comprehending the linguistic agreement between Persian and Hindi, which was mentioned about forty years before English man, William Jones, and by organizing the scattered evidence that he brought throughout the Mosmer treatise. Although Xân Ârezu’s views are sometimes in conflict with the proven principles of modern linguistics, his accuracy and the presentation of innovative topics before the development of scientific linguistics will be noteworthy.
Keywords: Xân Ârezu, al-Mosmer, Persian and Hindi adaptation, phonological processes.
References:
[1] Assadollah Vahed : Professor of Persian Literature; University of Tabriz
avahed@tabrizu.ac.ir
mohamad ali karamfar : Ph.D. Student of Persian Literature; University of Tabriz
makaramfar@yahoo.com
Serâj al-Din Ali Khan, Ârezu, (1991). Mosmer, tashih va moqaddame va havâši Reihâne Xâtun, Pakistan, Karachi University.
Serâj al-Din Ali Khan, Ârezu, Mosmer, Mashhad: Ketâbxâneye Âstân-e Qods-e Razavi, šomâreye 17631.
Serâj al-Din Ali Khan, Ârezu, Mosmer, Mashhad: Ketâbxâneye Âstân-e Qods-e Razavi, šomâreye 18632.
Serâj al-Din Ali Khan, Ârezu, Mosmer, Tehran: Ketâbxâneye dânešgâh-e Tehran, šomâreye. i877.
Serâj al-Din Ali Khan, Ârezu, (2012). Zavâyed al-fawâyed, čâp-e avval, be kušeš-e Asadollâh Vâhed, Tabriz: entešârât-e dânešgâh-e Tabriz.
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