Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی
Author
Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Mashhad, Iran
Abstract
When we speak about the tradition of Persian literary history often glances directed to the translation of European literary history books, which provided Persian-language literary historians with new approaches, methods and measures. Therefore, firstly, the book and secondly, the translation are considered two main variables in transferring the heritage of Maghreb to the territory of Persian language.However, firstly, much earlier than the translation of books opened the eyes of literary historians to new worlds, press articles assumed this important role, and secondly, the efforts of this field in the three genres of translation, authorship and translation - They were writing. The main question of the article is formed at this point:What was the role of the historical verse articles that were published in Kaveh newspaper in transferring the western heritage and how? Other questions such as which figures were more effective and what was the relationship between their works and the dominant discourses of the society at that time?
Highlights
Expanded Abstract
The role of Kaveh newspaper in the history of Persian literature
Introduction
The main question of the article is to investigate the role of Kaveh newspaper in the history of Persian literature. To find the answer, all the issues of Kaveh newspaper were read and the contents related to the history of literature were extracted. The articles were classified in three groups: authorship, translation, and translation-authorship, and then reviewed in chronological order. Famous figures who collaborated with the newspaper or were Iranians familiar with European languages such as Hossein Qoli Khan Nawab, Mohammad Qazvini, Kazemzadeh Iranshahr, Mirza Mahmoud Ghanizadeh, Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh, Ibrahimpour Dawood, Abbas Iqbal Ashtiani and Mohammad Ali Foroughi or people like Christiansen, Henry Mase and Edward Brown. In this way, the members of the Berlin circle, who became known as the Berliners, played an important role in the cultural growth and promotion of Iranians. This research shows that the principles and foundations of Western literary history entered the Farsi-speaking world long before it entered the Persian-speaking world through the translation of Orientalists' books. Kaveh's first article was published in Berlin in 1294 with the help of Seyed Hasan Taghizadeh, and its second period began in March 1298. Seyyed Hasan Taghizadeh, explaining the strategies of Kaveh II, writes that "Kaveh's newspaper was born of the war, and for this reason, the method of this newspaper was appropriate to the time of the war, and now that the war is over... Kaveh also has his war period. He knows that it has ended" and then he clarified that the second Kava method has nothing to do with the former Kaveh and in fact it will be a new newspaper whose contents will be mostly scientific, literary and historical articles and its mission and purpose is more than anything else. Promotion of European civilization in Iran, Jihad against bigotry, serving to preserve Iran's nationality and national unity, fighting for the purity and preservation of the Persian language and literature from the diseases and dangers that plague it, and strengthening internal and external freedom as much as possible. It is in such an atmosphere that Kaveh's literary history articles are written.
Back ground research
Among the literary researchers, above all Arinpour (1357: 2/231) for Kaveh's remarkable role in "familiarizing Iranians with literary topics and topics and making them familiar with scientific research methods" and "determining the future direction of research and creativity" "Literary" has mentioned. Behnam (1379) has examined the role of a group of intellectuals who gathered in Berlin in a documented and thorough research. Given that national identity was one of the main concerns of Kaveh's followers, the issue of Iranian identity in Kaveh attracted the attention of researchers such as Abbas Milani (2016). After him, Bahmanyar (1382) goes to the "possibility of Iran's revival" in Kaveh's articles and explains the role of Berliners in promoting nationalism. Abadian (2017) focused on some of the contents of the same article focusing on Kaveh's intellectual approach to the issue of "Iranian modernity and identity" and added some contents to the previous ones. Some critics like Qureshi et al. (2017) have also looked at Kaveh from a critical point of view and considered that the newspaper's heavy focus on the Persian language as a symbol of national identity has led to the marginalization of other Iranian dialects, dialects and languages. are A researcher like Sadaf Eftekhari (2017) also looked at Kaveh from the perspective of intercultural studies and tried to observe the way "Berlinians" faced with "another" culture, but as far as I could see, Kaveh's role in the tradition of literary history What is Iran's calligraphy and how is it not received the attention of researchers.
Discussion
The first period of Kaveh newspaper, under the influence of the world war, did not pay much attention to the category of history of literature, but in the second period, it became one of the main axes of the newspaper. The works of great orientalists and literary historians such as Herman Ete, Edward Brown, Christensen, Minorsky were selected as models in this period and their research methods were transferred to Persian language. Addressing the literature of ancient Iran and the literature of the early Islamic centuries received more attention. Ancient nationalism was the concern of many Europeans in those days, and Iranians found it a solution to their identity crisis. Therefore, this cultural phenomenon became one of the main variables affecting the mind and language of Kaveh newspaper writers. As far as we can say, from the very beginning of history, we understood Iranian literature with archaic nationalism. The difference between the research method of western sources and the tradition of tazkereh writing was very big and the authors of Kaveh tried to fill this big gap.
Conclusion
In this way, the Persian language audience learned the following methods and techniques: referring to numerous and diverse first-hand sources in Arabic and Farsi, referring to the later researches of Iranians and Orientalists, using the scientific method of referencing and documenting, applying analysis and explanation instead of description, using anecdotes and legends as one of the sources of research, criticism and evaluation of anecdotes and legends, using the poet's own poetry to complete biographical material, expressing poets' connections with each other And with artists, paying attention to the relationship between writers and institutions of power, paying attention to intertextual connections between poets' poems, using comparison and comparison as the dominant technique both in introducing poets and comparing poets of different nationalities, adopting a critical approach in recitation. Materials from first-hand sources, dealing with extratextual variables such as economic, political, historical, ideological and cultural events. These methods and techniques laid the foundations of the tradition of Persian history and literature. Another branch that was of interest to both Western and Iranian literary historians was taking advantage of the tradition of Persian tazkira writing. Both western and Iranian literary historians were fully familiar with tazkira. Although their approach to the contents of tazkires and other first-hand sources was critical, they did not reject the tazkires once and for all, but used some methods and techniques of writing tazkires.
References
Abadian, Hossein, (1384), "Kave newspaper; An intellectual approach for Iran's modernity and identity" in National Studies Quarterly, vol. 21, pp. 95-120.
Arinpour, Yahya, (1372), from Saba to Nima, Tehran: Zovar.
Ashtiani, Abbas, (1297), "Literary History; The second ancient period or the Sasanian era" in the Faculty Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 138-125.
https://doi.org/10.22034/perlit.2023.56322.3479
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