Document Type : علمی- پژوهشی

Authors

• Samaneh Hassanalizadeh ¹
• Ali Shahidi ²
• Zohreh Zarshenas ³

¹ Samaneh Hassanalizadeh, PhD Student of Iranian Ancient Culture & Languages, Science & Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

² professor of Iranian Ancient Culture & Languages, Tehran University, Tehran ,Iran

³ prof. Dr. Zohre Zarshenas, professor of Iranian Ancient Culture & Languages, Languages, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran. Iran

Abstract

The Function of Bilingual Persian-Turkish Verse Dictionaries in the Transmission of Persian Language in the Ottoman Period in Anatolia[1]
ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this article is to clarify the structure of Persian-Turkish bilingual verse dictionaries, because they are important in terms of reflecting the social life of the people during the Ottoman period, their vocabulary and also the degree and type of influence of Persian literature on Turkish literature. In this research, while studying the dictionaries, the main motivations and incentives of the authors, the weaknesses and strengths of them as well as the challenges faced by the authors were determined. By drawing the main paths of movement and flow of Persian language knowledge, along with aspects of its impact and transmission, we found that Persian language played a vital role in the intellectual environment of society during the Ottoman period and was used as a language of cultural discourse during the religious conflict between Iran and Anatolia.
Keywords: Ottoman Turkish, Persian Language, Persian-Turkish Verse Dictionaries
 
INTRODUCTION
In the propitious environment of the Ottoman era, on the one hand, the existence of numerous Persian poetry and prose works and the general interest in learning Persian not only as a literary language but also as a language for understanding Arabic, which was the scientific language in Islamic society, and on the other hand, the competition between writers, poets, mystics, Sufis or courtiers who mastered Persian and Arabic languages ​​and could improve their social status through their works in the scientific and cultural fields of the Islamic world, are the important factors in the writing of Persian-Turkish dictionaries. For children who reached the age of education and also for adults, according to their age and ability to learning, Persian dictionaries were taught which included explanations of Persian words as well as Persian grammar. Starting language education at a young age, especially for children, is perhaps one of the main reasons for writing dictionaries in the form of poetry or “Nisâbs”. Children’s interest to read poetry made it easy for them to memorize foreign language words through repetition. According to the content and form characteristics of verse dictionaries, a person who was familiar with these texts at a young age, would learn the vocabulary, numerical value of the Arabic alphabet letters, conjugation of verbs, numbers, names of months, historical figures, proverbs, idioms, their usages and syntactic information through the sentences presented with their translation and also the basic grammatical rules of the language. In addition, they would become familiar with some figures of speech and versification, which were very useful for people who were interested in poetry. The importance of researching such dictionaries can be examined from several points of view; on the one hand, these dictionaries were a kind of educational tool which was taught in schools, mainly with the aim of promoting classical Persian literature. Words used for Ottoman managers and statesmen, historical and legendary elements, names of peoples and nations, places, occupations, groups, types of characters, clothes and clothing, shopping, size and weight, goods, eating and drinking, games, entertainments and hunting, elements of marriage and kinship, diseases, vehicles, elements related to religion and belief, calendar, riddles, terms and proverbs and other words that have the greatest impact on daily life, are important in reflecting the social life of the people in the Ottoman period. On the other hand, these dictionaries are important in terms of vocabulary, the degree of influence and historical development of the Persian language, as well as the intensity and type of influence of Persian literature on Turkish literature. Some of these Persian words or their combinations do not exist in the modern Persian language or not being used at all. Such words can fill the lack of words in Persian language and be useful in the studies between Iran and Turkey, such as text editions and reciprocating translations.
METHODS
In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, 22 Persian-Turkish bilingual verse dictionaries have been studied.
RESULTS
The authors have basically followed the principles of Arabic & Persian lexicography and the previous sources have served as a model for writing and enriching dictionaries. Many authors have emphasized in the introductions the propagation of Persian knowledge, which is the most important necessity for reading and understanding great poems and treatises in Persian language, and also having access to Arabic language. Verse dictionaries are less rich than prose dictionaries, and the words that appear in the dictionary section are often everyday words in the colloquial language of the people, and rare and complicated words for writing and essays are rarely used in them. Due to versification rules, which were one of the main challenges for authors, the meanings of all the words are not properly expressed, and in the meaning, usually a word has been chosen which is according to versification rules.
CONCLUSION
The study of bilingual dictionaries has increased our understanding of the influence of the Persian language and its determining role in the intellectual environment of the target society, which caused the spread of the Persian language as a language of cultural discourse during the religious conflict between Iran and Anatolia during the Ottoman period. In fact, it can be concluded that the motivation in learning and understanding Arabic language as a scientific language among Muslim societies and especially in Anatolia, through learning Persian language, has identified the Persian language as the most eloquent language in the Islamic society.
 
REFERANCES
Arslan, A., (2016).Tühfe-I Husami: Inceleme,Ҫeviri Yazılı Metin,Dizin. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Universitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitisu.
Ateş, A., (1958). Hicri VI-VIII (XII-XIV) Asirlarinda Anadolu’da Farsca Eserler. Istanbul, TM, CIII: 94-135.
Baevskii, S., (2015). Early Persian Lexicography Farhangs of the Eleventh to the Fifteenth
Centuries.In Language of Asia Series.Vol.6, translated by N. Killian. revised andupdated by John R. Perry, Kent: Global Oriental LTD.
Berkov, V.P., (1971). Questions of bilingual lexicography. Leningrad University of A. A. Zhdanov. Leningrad.
Blochet, E., (1905). Catalogue des manuscrits persans de la Bibliothèque nationale. Paris.
Borhân, M., (1342). Borhân-e Qate’. ed. Mohammad-e Mo’in, Tehrân: Ebn-e Sinâ.
Brilkman, K., (2018). The Circulation of Knowledge in Translations and Compilations. A Sixteenth-Century Example, edited by J. Östling, E. Sandmo, D. Larsson Heideinblad, A. N.Hammar and K. H. Nordberg, 160–74. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.
Doğan, A. (2018). Dillerden Biri Türkce Olan Manzum Sözlükler Üzerine Yapılan Ҫalışmalar Bibliyografyasi. Divan Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi. Istanbul. 21: 85-114
Duru, N. F., (2011). Lutfullah Halimi b.Ebi Yusuf’un Bahru’l-Garayib Adli Eserinde Muamma Bahsi. Selcuk Universitesi Edebiyt Fakultesi Dergisi 25: 109-138
Düzenli, M. B. & M. Turan, (2016). Türkce-Farsca Manzum Sözlüklerden Tühfe-i Şemsi. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalari Dergisi. 9: 122-154.
Düzenli, M.B., (2015). Farsca-Turkce Manzum Bir Sözlük:Tühfetu’l-Hafiz. Ankara. Turkish Studies International Periodical For Languages. Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic.10: 329-370
Eleskergızı,T. & C. Sadıggızı, (2015). Hüsam’in Geciken Armağani. Turk Dunyasi: 225-231
Faroe, E. C., (1991). Lütfullah Halimi’nin Bahru’l-Garaib’ı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara üniversitesi: Sosyal Bilimler Enistitüsü
Fragner, G. B., (1999). Die Persophonie. Regionalität, Identität und Sprachkontakt in der Geschichte Asiens. Berlin: Anor.
Gören, N., (2016). Bursali Nakibzade Ni’meti’nin Tühfe Nimeti Adli Farsca-Turkce Manzum Sözlüğu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Universitesi.
Gözitok, M. A., (2016). Manzum Sözlük Gelenegimizin Kayip Halkasi: Nazm-I Bedi, Ataturk Universitesi Turkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitusu Dergisi. 55:127-148.
Hagen, G., (2003). Translations and Translators in a Multilingual Society: A Case Study of Persian-Ottoman Translations, Late Fifteenth to Early Seventeenth Century. Eurasian Studies 2, no. 1 :95–134.
Hodgson, M. G., (1974). The Venture of Islam. Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Vol. 2, The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods. Chicago. ILL: The University of Chicago Press.
Holbrook, V., (2002,). Concealed Facts, Translation and the Turkish Literary Past. In
Translations:(Re)shaping of Literature and Culture. Edited by S. Paker. 77–107. Istanbul: Bog˘aziçi University Press.
Kaçar, I., (2017). Lutfullah Halimi’nin Farsca-Türkce Manzum Sözlüğü: Tühfe-i Mukaddimetu’l lugat. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 2:131-146.
Kaplan, Y., (2017). Farsca-Türkce Manzum Bir Sözlük:Tühfe-i Mukaddimetu’l lugat, Studies of the Ottoman Domain, 12:213-236.
Karakütükçü, N., (2017). Geleneksel Bir Manzum Sözlük: Tühfe-i Şadi, Insan ve Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6:114-151.
Kartal, A., (2003). Tühfe-i Remzî, Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları.
Kılıç, A., (2007). Türkce-Farsca Manzum Sözlüklerden Tühfe-ı Şahidi(Metin), Turkish Studies International Periodical For Languages,Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 4: 516-548.
Kılıc, A., (2007). Türkce-Farsca Manzum Sözlüklerden Tühfe-i Vehbi(Metin), Turkish Studies International Periodical For Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 2:410-475.
Lewis, L. G., (2000). Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Oxford university press.
Öz, Y., (2016). Tarih Boyunca Farsca-Türkce Sözlükler. Ankara: TDK Yayinlari.
Özkan, F. H., (2013). Bozokli Osman Şakir ve Şehdu Elfazi,Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi, 428-464.
Öztahtalı, I. I., (2004). Lami Ҫelebi ve Lugat-ı Manzum, Istanbul: Gaye Kitabevi.
Pistor-Hatam, A., (1998). The Art of Translation. Rewriting Persian Texts from the Seljuks to the Ottomans, Prague: Academia Publ. House.
Riyâhi, M., (1369). Zabân va Adab-e Farsi dar Qalamro-e Osmâni, Tehrân:Pažang.
Sādeqi, A., (1995). Persian Dictionaries, In Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol.7, Fasc. 4, Edited by E. Yarshater (Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers), 387–97.
Schmidt, J., (2014). The Importance of Persian for Ottoman Literary Gentlemen, Istanbul: Ülke
Selçuk, B. & M. Algül, (2015). Ҫocuklar Için Yazılan Farsca-Türkce Manzum Bir Sözlük: Dürri’nin Guher-Riz’I,Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 2: 133-164.
Şişman, R. S., (2016). Esami: Ikidilli Sözlük,Türkce-Farsca Manzum Sözlük, Istanbul: Dun Bugun Yarin Yayinlari.
Tanyıldız, A., (2013). Tühfe-ı Lütfi: Türkҫe-Farsҫa Manzum Sözlük, Istanbul: Akademik Kitaplar
Turan, M., (2012). Hasan Rizayi ve Kan-ı Ma’ani Isimli Manzum Sözlügü, Turkish studies 7/4: 2939-2992.
Underhill, R., (1986). Turkish.Studies in Turkish Linguistics. 7-21.
Verburg, C. A., (1997). The Tühfe-i Şahidı: A Sixteenth-Century Persian Ottoman Dictionary in Rhyme Part I, Archivum Ottomanicum
Yalap, H., (2018). Klasik Türk Edebiyatinda Farsca-Türkce Manzum Sözlüklerin Kavram Alani ve Yöntem Bağlaminda Değerlendirmesi, Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 36: 229-255
 
[1] Samâne Hasanalizâde: Ph.D. Student of Azad University, Science and Research Branch.
Ali Šahidi: Assistant Professor of Tehran University.
Zohre Zaršenâs: Professor of Tehran University.
 
.

Highlights

The Function of Bilingual Persian-Turkish Verse Dictionaries in the Transmission of Persian Language in the Ottoman Period in Anatolia[1]

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this article is to clarify the structure of Persian-Turkish bilingual verse dictionaries, because they are important in terms of reflecting the social life of the people during the Ottoman period, their vocabulary and also the degree and type of influence of Persian literature on Turkish literature. In this research, while studying the dictionaries, the main motivations and incentives of the authors, the weaknesses and strengths of them as well as the challenges faced by the authors were determined. By drawing the main paths of movement and flow of Persian language knowledge, along with aspects of its impact and transmission, we found that Persian language played a vital role in the intellectual environment of society during the Ottoman period and was used as a language of cultural discourse during the religious conflict between Iran and Anatolia.

Keywords: Ottoman Turkish, Persian Language, Persian-Turkish Verse Dictionaries

INTRODUCTION

In the propitious environment of the Ottoman era, on the one hand, the existence of numerous Persian poetry and prose works and the general interest in learning Persian not only as a literary language but also as a language for understanding Arabic, which was the scientific language in Islamic society, and on the other hand, the competition between writers, poets, mystics, Sufis or courtiers who mastered Persian and Arabic languages ​​and could improve their social status through their works in the scientific and cultural fields of the Islamic world, are the important factors in the writing of Persian-Turkish dictionaries. For children who reached the age of education and also for adults, according to their age and ability to learning, Persian dictionaries were taught which included explanations of Persian words as well as Persian grammar. Starting language education at a young age, especially for children, is perhaps one of the main reasons for writing dictionaries in the form of poetry or “Nisâbs”. Children’s interest to read poetry made it easy for them to memorize foreign language words through repetition. According to the content and form characteristics of verse dictionaries, a person who was familiar with these texts at a young age, would learn the vocabulary, numerical value of the Arabic alphabet letters, conjugation of verbs, numbers, names of months, historical figures, proverbs, idioms, their usages and syntactic information through the sentences presented with their translation and also the basic grammatical rules of the language. In addition, they would become familiar with some figures of speech and versification, which were very useful for people who were interested in poetry. The importance of researching such dictionaries can be examined from several points of view; on the one hand, these dictionaries were a kind of educational tool which was taught in schools, mainly with the aim of promoting classical Persian literature. Words used for Ottoman managers and statesmen, historical and legendary elements, names of peoples and nations, places, occupations, groups, types of characters, clothes and clothing, shopping, size and weight, goods, eating and drinking, games, entertainments and hunting, elements of marriage and kinship, diseases, vehicles, elements related to religion and belief, calendar, riddles, terms and proverbs and other words that have the greatest impact on daily life, are important in reflecting the social life of the people in the Ottoman period. On the other hand, these dictionaries are important in terms of vocabulary, the degree of influence and historical development of the Persian language, as well as the intensity and type of influence of Persian literature on Turkish literature. Some of these Persian words or their combinations do not exist in the modern Persian language or not being used at all. Such words can fill the lack of words in Persian language and be useful in the studies between Iran and Turkey, such as text editions and reciprocating translations.

METHODS

In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, 22 Persian-Turkish bilingual verse dictionaries have been studied.

RESULTS

The authors have basically followed the principles of Arabic & Persian lexicography and the previous sources have served as a model for writing and enriching dictionaries. Many authors have emphasized in the introductions the propagation of Persian knowledge, which is the most important necessity for reading and understanding great poems and treatises in Persian language, and also having access to Arabic language. Verse dictionaries are less rich than prose dictionaries, and the words that appear in the dictionary section are often everyday words in the colloquial language of the people, and rare and complicated words for writing and essays are rarely used in them. Due to versification rules, which were one of the main challenges for authors, the meanings of all the words are not properly expressed, and in the meaning, usually a word has been chosen which is according to versification rules.

CONCLUSION

The study of bilingual dictionaries has increased our understanding of the influence of the Persian language and its determining role in the intellectual environment of the target society, which caused the spread of the Persian language as a language of cultural discourse during the religious conflict between Iran and Anatolia during the Ottoman period. In fact, it can be concluded that the motivation in learning and understanding Arabic language as a scientific language among Muslim societies and especially in Anatolia, through learning Persian language, has identified the Persian language as the most eloquent language in the Islamic society.

REFERANCES

Arslan, A., (2016).Tühfe-I Husami: Inceleme,Ҫeviri Yazılı Metin,Dizin. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Universitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitisu.

Ateş, A., (1958). Hicri VI-VIII (XII-XIV) Asirlarinda Anadolu’da Farsca Eserler. Istanbul, TM, CIII: 94-135.

Baevskii, S., (2015). Early Persian Lexicography Farhangs of the Eleventh to the Fifteenth
Centuries.In Language of Asia Series.Vol.6, translated by N. Killian. revised andupdated by John R. Perry, Kent: Global Oriental LTD.

Berkov, V.P., (1971). Questions of bilingual lexicography. Leningrad University of A. A. Zhdanov. Leningrad.

Blochet, E., (1905). Catalogue des manuscrits persans de la Bibliothèque nationale. Paris.

Borhân, M., (1342). Borhân-e Qate’. ed. Mohammad-e Mo’in, Tehrân: Ebn-e Sinâ.

Brilkman, K., (2018). The Circulation of Knowledge in Translations and Compilations. A Sixteenth-Century Example, edited by J. Östling, E. Sandmo, D. Larsson Heideinblad, A. N.Hammar and K. H. Nordberg, 160–74. Lund: Nordic Academic Press.

Doğan, A. (2018). Dillerden Biri Türkce Olan Manzum Sözlükler Üzerine Yapılan Ҫalışmalar Bibliyografyasi. Divan Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi. Istanbul. 21: 85-114

Duru, N. F., (2011). Lutfullah Halimi b.Ebi Yusuf’un Bahru’l-Garayib Adli Eserinde Muamma Bahsi. Selcuk Universitesi Edebiyt Fakultesi Dergisi 25: 109-138

Düzenli, M. B. & M. Turan, (2016). Türkce-Farsca Manzum Sözlüklerden Tühfe-i Şemsi. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalari Dergisi. 9: 122-154.

Düzenli, M.B., (2015). Farsca-Turkce Manzum Bir Sözlük:Tühfetu’l-Hafiz. Ankara. Turkish Studies International Periodical For Languages. Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic.10: 329-370

Eleskergızı,T. & C. Sadıggızı, (2015). Hüsam’in Geciken Armağani. Turk Dunyasi: 225-231

Faroe, E. C., (1991). Lütfullah Halimi’nin Bahru’l-Garaib’ı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara üniversitesi: Sosyal Bilimler Enistitüsü

Fragner, G. B., (1999). Die Persophonie. Regionalität, Identität und Sprachkontakt in der Geschichte Asiens. Berlin: Anor.

Gören, N., (2016). Bursali Nakibzade Ni’meti’nin Tühfe Nimeti Adli Farsca-Turkce Manzum Sözlüğu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Universitesi.

Gözitok, M. A., (2016). Manzum Sözlük Gelenegimizin Kayip Halkasi: Nazm-I Bedi, Ataturk Universitesi Turkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitusu Dergisi. 55:127-148.

Hagen, G., (2003). Translations and Translators in a Multilingual Society: A Case Study of Persian-Ottoman Translations, Late Fifteenth to Early Seventeenth Century. Eurasian Studies 2, no. 1 :95–134.

Hodgson, M. G., (1974). The Venture of Islam. Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Vol. 2, The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods. Chicago. ILL: The University of Chicago Press.

Holbrook, V., (2002,). Concealed Facts, Translation and the Turkish Literary Past. In
Translations:(Re)shaping of Literature and Culture. Edited by S. Paker. 77–107. Istanbul: Bog˘aziçi University Press.

Kaçar, I., (2017). Lutfullah Halimi’nin Farsca-Türkce Manzum Sözlüğü: Tühfe-i Mukaddimetu’l lugat. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 2:131-146.

Kaplan, Y., (2017). Farsca-Türkce Manzum Bir Sözlük:Tühfe-i Mukaddimetu’l lugat, Studies of the Ottoman Domain, 12:213-236.

Karakütükçü, N., (2017). Geleneksel Bir Manzum Sözlük: Tühfe-i Şadi, Insan ve Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6:114-151.

Kartal, A., (2003). Tühfe-i Remzî, Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları.

Kılıç, A., (2007). Türkce-Farsca Manzum Sözlüklerden Tühfe-ı Şahidi(Metin), Turkish Studies International Periodical For Languages,Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 4: 516-548.

Kılıc, A., (2007). Türkce-Farsca Manzum Sözlüklerden Tühfe-i Vehbi(Metin), Turkish Studies International Periodical For Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 2:410-475.

Lewis, L. G., (2000). Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Oxford university press.

Öz, Y., (2016). Tarih Boyunca Farsca-Türkce Sözlükler. Ankara: TDK Yayinlari.

Özkan, F. H., (2013). Bozokli Osman Şakir ve Şehdu Elfazi,Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi, 428-464.

Öztahtalı, I. I., (2004). Lami Ҫelebi ve Lugat-ı Manzum, Istanbul: Gaye Kitabevi.

Pistor-Hatam, A., (1998). The Art of Translation. Rewriting Persian Texts from the Seljuks to the Ottomans, Prague: Academia Publ. House.

Riyâhi, M., (1369). Zabân va Adab-e Farsi dar Qalamro-e Osmâni, Tehrân:Pažang.

Sādeqi, A., (1995). Persian Dictionaries, In Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol.7, Fasc. 4, Edited by E. Yarshater (Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers), 387–97.

Schmidt, J., (2014). The Importance of Persian for Ottoman Literary Gentlemen, Istanbul: Ülke

Selçuk, B. & M. Algül, (2015). Ҫocuklar Için Yazılan Farsca-Türkce Manzum Bir Sözlük: Dürri’nin Guher-Riz’I,Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 2: 133-164.

Şişman, R. S., (2016). Esami: Ikidilli Sözlük,Türkce-Farsca Manzum Sözlük, Istanbul: Dun Bugun Yarin Yayinlari.

Tanyıldız, A., (2013). Tühfe-ı Lütfi: Türkҫe-Farsҫa Manzum Sözlük, Istanbul: Akademik Kitaplar

Turan, M., (2012). Hasan Rizayi ve Kan-ı Ma’ani Isimli Manzum Sözlügü, Turkish studies 7/4: 2939-2992.

Underhill, R., (1986). Turkish.Studies in Turkish Linguistics. 7-21.

Verburg, C. A., (1997). The Tühfe-i Şahidı: A Sixteenth-Century Persian Ottoman Dictionary in Rhyme Part I, Archivum Ottomanicum

Yalap, H., (2018). Klasik Türk Edebiyatinda Farsca-Türkce Manzum Sözlüklerin Kavram Alani ve Yöntem Bağlaminda Değerlendirmesi, Tarih Okulu Dergisi, 36: 229-255

[1] Samâne Hasanalizâde: Ph.D. Student of Azad University, Science and Research Branch.

Ali Šahidi: Assistant Professor of Tehran University.

Zohre Zaršenâs: Professor of Tehran University.

Keywords

• Ottoman Turkish
• Persian language
• Persian-Turkish verse dictionaries

Main Subjects

• History of literature of Iran