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Contemporary Poetry of Iran
Allahkaram Abasi; mahboobeh khorasani; Mahmud Heydari
Abstract
AbstractEach literary work is a sign of its writer’ ideology and thoughts, and is basedon the social and political context of the community. Reza Baraheni, theauthor of the Novel “Mysteries of My Land”, as a social reformer, influencedby the atmosphere of the ruling community in Iran, ...
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AbstractEach literary work is a sign of its writer’ ideology and thoughts, and is basedon the social and political context of the community. Reza Baraheni, theauthor of the Novel “Mysteries of My Land”, as a social reformer, influencedby the atmosphere of the ruling community in Iran, especially Tabriz duringthe years from 1959 to 1979, expressed his social-political ideas with the aimof reforming society. Thus analyzing the writer’s thoughts is important fromthe point of view of post-colonial literature. The present study is done via thecontent analysis method to investigate the intellectual themes of the novel,such as tradition and modernity, social disadvantages, status of women insociety, Self and the Other, apolitism, lack of self-esteem, and subaltern andhegemony, and anti-colonialism .The research results depict that this novel,drawing on the components of post-colonial literature, illustrates themes suchas the confrontation between tradition and modernity, the male dominance ofthe traditional society, western subaltern and hegemony, moral issues, lack ofself-esteem, and identity fragmentation. But, on the contrary, relying onmythological beliefs and ideas to achieve the former identity, the novel alsopromotes the struggle against the belief in the supremacy of Western race aswell as anti-colonialism.Keywords: literary criticism, postcolonial literature, ideology, RezaBaraheni, Mysteries of My Land28 Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 71, Issue 238, Fall & Winter 2018- 2019The novel “Mysteries of My Land" can be a true reflection of thesociety, traditions, customs and reactions of the people of Tabriz duringthe above-mentioned twenty years, i.e. from 1959 to 1979. In fact, theinfluence of the westerns in Iran began almost two hundred years agoalong with Russian wars with Iran, but its peak and intensity started in1941, when and also thereafter, the British and Russians forces werepresent in the west and north of Iran. Some writers such as Al-e Ahmad,Barahani, Sa'edi, Daneshvar and Ravanipour responded to the influenceof foreigners in Iran during this period, and produced works with thethemes among which the postcolonial themes are the most strikingaspects of storytelling. Accordingly, the questions raised in this studyare as follows: What are the components of postcolonial literature inReza Baraheni's novel? What are the social and political fields affectingthis novel? How did the Iranian society, especially in Tabriz, treatedcolonialism and colonialists?Postcolonial literature, expressing liberation and freedom fromcolonialism and gaining the political and cultural independence ofpeoples under the colonial rule, extends to its own themes and differentstyles. Consequently, postcolonial theory is one of the most importantliterary theories coexisting with the postmodern era, especially sincestructuralism shaded on the field of Western culture and the "whitemyth", and introduced the West as the source of science, knowledge,and philosophy, and the birthplace of theories and methods. This typeof literature, aiming to illegitimate the power of colonialism by forceand nation-building, has completely historical implications, notifyingthe post-independence period. Therefore, the intellectual themes of thenovel of “Mysteries of My Land” by Reza Baraheni can be consideredas components of post-colonial criticism such as tradition andmodernity, social disadvantages, status of women in society, Self andthe Other, apolitism, lack of self-esteem, subaltern and hegemony, andanti-colonialism.This novel is a realist one that sometimes comes near magicalrealism. Baraheni considers events as an evolutionary process, not as aseries of distinct phenomena that are related to each other and thehistorical conditions, in a way that the contradiction and solidarity ofsocial life are introduced. Although this work can be consideredPostcolonial Criticism of the Novel "The Secrets of My Land'… 29magical realism in terms of mythical components, which is one of theroots of indigenous culture, its realism is more highlighted based on thememories and narratives of the characters.Reza Baraheni pursued another goal in the face of seeminglypolitical events and with the abundance of words in texts. In addition tohis pencils, he induces his thoughts to the reader, and, with the politicaland social goals, expresses these positions depending on the narrationof each character. Positions reflecting the writer’s ideology are politicalfrom several perspectives:a. In the opening part of the novel, which is narrated with the thirdperson narrative mode, it reflects Baraheni’s opposition with theAmericans and his convergence with the Soviet Union, as it isclearly visible in the dialogue between the interpreter and Davis,the American. In the novel, Baraheni is constantly talking aboutthe disagreements of the Americans with Iran, but there is noplace in the novel about the dispute between Iran and the SovietUnion, and in reality, Gorg (Wolf) the Alien Killer, is a"socialist nationalist" who killed a Russian Cossack, not asoldier from the Soviet Union.b. In addition to the idea of the struggle against colonialism whichcame through championship of Gorg the Alien Killer,Baraheni’s political thoughts deal with the struggle against theruling regime; that is, Baraheni discussed intellectualdisagreements with the regime of Pahlavi and their governmentofficials. The novel, from the section of the American Captainand Iranian Colonel, gradually criticizes the ruling governmentin the context of the social and economic problems.c. Another case that can introduce us to another approach toBaraheni's political thoughts in this novel is the characters’efforts to achieve revolution. He gives a glimpse of a revolutionin the great part of the novel, either by bringing in dreams anddreams, or by events and letters, which must be tolerated inorder to achieve that demonstration. Baraheni predictsrevolution in the dream of Hossein Mirza as the symbol of therhythm of miserable life of the masses. Thus, he portrays therevolution that he sees in Hossein Mirza’s dream about after the30 Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 71, Issue 238, Fall & Winter 2018- 2019demonstrations and events, attaches it to the first issue, i.e. thecolonialists’ struggle with the national spirit, and knows Gorgthe Alien Killer as its protector.In addition, in a specific style derived from Baraheni’s own ideologytowards the ruling government and the Westerners, there is a picture ofhis socialist thought, the nationality of the people, distancing from thecolonialism of the West and the achievement of freedom. This isbecause his ideology sought to signify the social and economicdisadvantages, subaltern and hegemony, and the issue of supremacy ofthe superior race and position of women in the society, which ultimatelyendowed with the spirit of anti-colonialism and identity recognition,wisdom and the mercenary of Gorg the AlienKiller, i.e. the embodimentof the Iranians’ eternal anger and hatred of the invading aliens and thedefeat of colonialism. The research results depict that this novel,drawing on the components of post-colonial literature, illustratesthemes such as the confrontation between tradition and modernity, themale dominance of the traditional society, western subaltern andhegemony, moral issues, lack of self-esteem, and identityfragmentation. But, on the contrary, relying on mythological beliefs andideas to achieve the former identity, the novel also promotes thestruggle against belief in the supremacy of Western race as well as anticolonialism.
Contemporary Poetry of Iran
Farhad Mohammadi
Abstract
Controversy between modern poets and fans of traditional poetry is an issue that has always been of interest to scholars in the historical and cultural study of the formation of modern poetry. The debates that each of these two factions raised about poetry and its implications were based on a critique ...
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Controversy between modern poets and fans of traditional poetry is an issue that has always been of interest to scholars in the historical and cultural study of the formation of modern poetry. The debates that each of these two factions raised about poetry and its implications were based on a critique of the other side's discourses and views; therefore, by analyzing the content of each of these two groups, the concepts and opinions of the other group can be understood. The issue of the controversy between modernists and traditionalists over poetry was not only raised in literary circles, but also the poetry of modern poets. The poet's mental design in such poems is based on the contrast between the nature of modern poetry and classical poetry, which can be analyzed to understand both the poetic discourse of modernists and the implicit views of traditionalists. The subject of "Poetry that is life" by Shamloo and the poem "Honrawakanm" by Sherko Bekas, a Kurdish modernist poet, are taken from the same discussions about the nature of modern poetry and its difference from classical poetry. In this essay, they are analyzed analytically, based on literary discourse, to show the common concepts and foundations of new poetry discourse in both Persian and Kurdish literature. The result of the research shows that the literary discourse in these two poems is subject-oriented and function-oriented, and both poets have explained the nature of new poetry and criticism of classical poetry from the aspect of motivating and informing.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
roghaiie moghaddam; hamid reza farzi; ali dehghan
Abstract
The mythical critique as one of the approaches to contemporary literary criticism explains the nature and characteristics of myths and their role in literature. In this article, we analyzed Garshaspname Asadi Tusi's based on Pearson's view, which is one of mythical critique viewpoints. Garshasb's life ...
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The mythical critique as one of the approaches to contemporary literary criticism explains the nature and characteristics of myths and their role in literature. In this article, we analyzed Garshaspname Asadi Tusi's based on Pearson's view, which is one of mythical critique viewpoints. Garshasb's life consists of various trips that each journey gives rise to one of the characteristics of his personality. And then his personality is complete. The giraffes of the Gershaphas show his passage from his stage to life and then himself. With the advent of the ancient pairs of the pattern, the background to the birth of the sacred child, Khodabano, the death and rebirth, the ideal of the city and .... Garshasb, the hero of these trips, fell in love with his inner and social journey through various obstacles and trials. And conquer on fairy instead of blending with him and perform Sacrifice ceremony And what inspires the immortality of the spirit of Garshasb is the awareness and cognition that the traveler gains from the father and other helpers during the journey.
Alireza Mozaffari; Ali Dalaei Milan
Volume 66, Issue 228 , January 0, , Pages 159-178
Abstract
Think to human and world creation is a fundamental question of human’s mind. Human’s always tried to find persuasive reply to this question. In Greek philosophy and Iranian theosophy by difference between Being and Essence replied to this question. Peripatetic philosophy, Illuminism and Sadra, ...
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Think to human and world creation is a fundamental question of human’s mind. Human’s always tried to find persuasive reply to this question. In Greek philosophy and Iranian theosophy by difference between Being and Essence replied to this question. Peripatetic philosophy, Illuminism and Sadra, expressed themselves sights. In Iranian mysticism by philosophy effects, build special thoughts to show correlate concepts with ontology. When Sanaei argued in Hadiga about world creation, non-being, intellect and general soul, form and matter, show him theosophical theories about antology. By study of these theories, we can understand "Sage" title for Sanaei is true and suitable. In this article, we study Sanaei,s sights about ontology in Hadiga.
Lyrical and Didactic Literature
Mahmood Fotoohi
Abstract
AbstractIn the 16th century (11the AH), the ideas of Shiite philosopher, Mullā Sadrā (1572-1640 AD / 979-1050 AH) brought about fundamental changes in Islamic ontology, especially some of his innovative ideas on the originality of existence, and Substantial Motion. Simultaneously with these changes, ...
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AbstractIn the 16th century (11the AH), the ideas of Shiite philosopher, Mullā Sadrā (1572-1640 AD / 979-1050 AH) brought about fundamental changes in Islamic ontology, especially some of his innovative ideas on the originality of existence, and Substantial Motion. Simultaneously with these changes, the imaginative style of Persian poetry (indo-Persian poetry) underwent changes, with a dynamic view to existence and substance of nature.The article is actually a comparative study on philosophy and poetry, which deals with the "Substantial Motion of nature" as a common theme in poetry of Saeb Tabrizi (1006-1087 AH), the Persian poet of the 16th century, and Mulla Sadra's transcendental wisdom, and tries to show the similarity between Sadra's philosophical thought and Saeb's poetic attitude to movement in essence of nature.
Reza Mohammadi; Abbas ghadimi
Volume 71, Issue 237 , September 2018, , Pages 129-151
Abstract
Satirical Hasharatolarz newspaper was published in Tabriz by Mirza Agha Blouri in the years of 1326-1329 (1908-1911)During the Minor tyranny, this magazine was the only newspaper published cartoons. More contents of it were satirical poem, told by Ghaffar Wakil (A crazy wanderer). Its cartoons were drawn ...
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Satirical Hasharatolarz newspaper was published in Tabriz by Mirza Agha Blouri in the years of 1326-1329 (1908-1911)During the Minor tyranny, this magazine was the only newspaper published cartoons. More contents of it were satirical poem, told by Ghaffar Wakil (A crazy wanderer). Its cartoons were drawn by Hosseinzadeh Behzad. More cartoons concept was in criticizing the anti-constitutional king, and abuse of state governors from offices and their corruption. Some plans point to Anglo-Russian Interference in affairs of Iran. The Message of plans was generally in order to spread awareness among people to understand their rights and responsibilities of Qajar rulers. For the first time, by the language and Character of animals, social and political processes in Azerbaijan and Iran were revealed. As a result, this magazine supported constitutionalism and rule of law and justice. We used in this article from the main sources on Iran's press, content of Hasharatolarz newspaper, and is written by content analysis.
Ahmad Farshbafian
Volume 68, Issue 232 , January 0, , Pages 133-149
Abstract
پس از رحلت پیامبر اکرم (ص) ، سازمان و تشکیلات جدیدی در عالم اسلام به نام خلافت شکل گرفت. گروهی از دشمنان اسلام در کسوت مسلمانی، ولی با باطنی معتقد به آیینهای گذشته ...
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پس از رحلت پیامبر اکرم (ص) ، سازمان و تشکیلات جدیدی در عالم اسلام به نام خلافت شکل گرفت. گروهی از دشمنان اسلام در کسوت مسلمانی، ولی با باطنی معتقد به آیینهای گذشته همچون یهود و مسیحیت و یا حتّی آیینهای بشری که از مقابله نظامی و توسل به زور علیه اسلام ناامید شده بودند با نفوذ در این سازمان نوپا، شیوة تحریف و وارونه ساختن حقایق را برای تخریب بنیانهای فکری و آموزههای معرفتی مسلمانان در پیش گرفتند. بر این اساس، افسانههای موجود در تورات و انجیل را در لابهلای معارف دین اسلام وارد کردند و با مسخ مفاهیم اسلام امکان القای شبهات را در بین مسلمین هموار ساختند. این مقاله با بررسی اینگونه افسانهها به موضوع مهم اسرائیلیات پرداخته و جلوههایی از آن را در کشفالمحجوب هجویری به عنوان یکی از امهات کتب صوفیه نمایانده است؛ که شبیهسازی در معارف اعتقادی اسلام مربوط به شخصیت پیامبر اسلام (ص)، شبهه افکنی درموضوع وحی و مهمتر از همه عادیسازی پذیرفتن برتری نژادی یهودیان و دفاع از تصوف حتی به بهای سستکردن اعتقاد به نبوت و امامت شیعه از آن جمله است. بنابراین هدف کلی این پژوهش، بررسی این نوع شبههافکنیها و شفافسازی فضای علمی متون جهت درک روش و تبیین آنهاست .
Ali Reza Mahmoudi; Gholam Reza Abdi
Volume 69, Issue 234 , January 0, , Pages 133-151
Abstract
Non-verbal communication is a way to establish communication among us. In this type of communication, the verbal element is not involved in the transmission of the message. Non-verbal communication is so effective which sometimes becomes even more important than verbal communication. Our belletrists ...
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Non-verbal communication is a way to establish communication among us. In this type of communication, the verbal element is not involved in the transmission of the message. Non-verbal communication is so effective which sometimes becomes even more important than verbal communication. Our belletrists have long been familiar with how to apply this method of transmitting messages in order to transfer moral and educational values Sa'di is one such belletrist who has paid special attention to this method in his book Golestan. This descriptive-analytical article which aims to better understand the link between non-verbal communication and education in Sa'di’s Golestan, tries to identify types of non-verbal communication in Golestan. Therefore, non-verbal communication is classified into seven categories: body language and behavior, appearance (cry, laugh, look, anger, and beauty), sounds, symbols and signs, flavors, perfumes and odors and were analyzed accordingly. The result of this research shows that this method is used consciously in Sa'di’s Golestan to transmit ethical and educational messages.
Aliakbar Samkhaniani
Abstract
Analysis of Saʾdi's Philosophical Parresia and Anti-Authoritarian Discourse in the First Chapter of Saʾdi's BustânDiscourse analysis is a common subject between linguistics and different branches of humanities and social sciences and tries to show the coherence of form and meaning in a text or ...
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Analysis of Saʾdi's Philosophical Parresia and Anti-Authoritarian Discourse in the First Chapter of Saʾdi's BustânDiscourse analysis is a common subject between linguistics and different branches of humanities and social sciences and tries to show the coherence of form and meaning in a text or communication field. Literary texts are one of the most important discourse texts. Discourse analysis in literary works is of significance not only in more accurate knowing of works but also in anthropology, Understanding of communication structures and cogitative foundations of a society. The "anti-authoritarian" discourse, which is an appendage of the term "tyranny" can be found in Persian literary and historical texts with different characteristics, components and titles. The analysis of anti-authoritarian discourse examines the demonstrations of this critical discourse in a semiotic field and an interdisciplinary study. The present study tries to prove the systematic unity of the components of the first chapter of Bustân in Saadi's anti-authoritarian discourse by describing, explaining, interpreting verbal behavior, linguistic usage, rhetorical dimensions, formulation of concepts and components. In the current research, the theories of Foucault and the methods of Norman Fairclough and Theo Van Dyck are used in discourse analysis.
Zahra Shirdel; Abolghasem Rahimi
Volume 70, Issue 236 , December 2017, , Pages 141-166
Abstract
The mythical critique deals with the discovery of mental patterns and crystallization of them in literary works. The significance of this method is to examine myths from several points of view and examines social, cultural and psychological backgrounds in the creation of mythology.
Because in this article, ...
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The mythical critique deals with the discovery of mental patterns and crystallization of them in literary works. The significance of this method is to examine myths from several points of view and examines social, cultural and psychological backgrounds in the creation of mythology.
Because in this article, we want let's look at the origins and psychological backgrounds of myth, we choice among the various themes in various cultures, the theme of the "Myth of the Abandoned Child ". This is one of the main themes of the life of many gods, kings, heroes and prophets; therefore, it is very important to deal with it. In this article, we have attempted to Analyze the cycle of psychological evolution of the twelve characters of Shahnameh, which is an example of emancipation and exile in childhood, in the depths of their lives Based on the psychology of Carl Gustave Jung (1961-1875), a Swiss psychiatrist. In order to achieve a better result, with a special look at Iran's greatest epic book, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh will explore the dark and vague points of this remarkable mythology, as well as its decoding, from the perspective of Jung's psychology.
History of literature of Iran
neda sonboli; Abbas Gadimi Gidari
Abstract
The phenomenon that is called "child marriage" today and is one of the important social and cultural issues and harms related to women, is a historical issue that in the Qajar era in the struggle between tradition and modernity, gradually to the issue and subject It became important, at least among sections ...
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The phenomenon that is called "child marriage" today and is one of the important social and cultural issues and harms related to women, is a historical issue that in the Qajar era in the struggle between tradition and modernity, gradually to the issue and subject It became important, at least among sections of Iranian society. Child marriage or marriage of girls at a young age, although a common phenomenon in pre-modern Iran, does not mean that this phenomenon is not considered as a social harm and a critical phenomenon. In the silence of historiographical, official and even political sources in the face of this issue, literary texts that are considered as the main sources and sources of social history in Iran have considered this important issue as a source of social criticism and in a thoughtful way in They reflected their poems and writings. Relying on texts and literary sources of the Qajar and constitutional eras and new research, this article has analyzed the approach of texts to the issue of child marriage in a descriptive-explanatory method.
Lyrical and Didactic Literature
Faramarz Jalalat; Ebrahim Danesh
Abstract
Analysis of intertextual relationships of literary texts of different genres is a practical way of investigating the fusion or “coexistence” of literary types. Qaboosnameh and Nizami’s works as focal texts in Persian literature played a media role in transferring Iran's culture, literature, ...
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Analysis of intertextual relationships of literary texts of different genres is a practical way of investigating the fusion or “coexistence” of literary types. Qaboosnameh and Nizami’s works as focal texts in Persian literature played a media role in transferring Iran's culture, literature, and civilization. There is numerous intertextual evidence proving Qaboosnameh's influence on Nizami. One of the crucial signs of this influence is the intellectual and linguistic intrusion of Qaboosnameh in his works. The study of Nizami’s works and Qaboosnameh shows the importance of intertextual interactions in the coexistence of literary genres. This paper in a descriptive-analytical way has studied the intertextuality of Qaboosnameh and Nizami’s works offering evidence and concluding that intertextual interactions indicate the coexistence of different literary types clearly. Both Onsorolma?ali and Nizami were aware of the coexistence of literary genres and established a dialogue between literary genres and works in this way. In Qaboosnameh, in addition to some lyric and epic chapters, there are lyric and epic elements within didactic materials. Nizami has benefited from didactic elements as an inseparable part of his non-didactic works based on the text and situation. One of its prominent examples is the insertion of "Andarznameh" in lyric and epic works, especially in the continuation of "Saghinameh". The high frequency of implicit and explicit intertextuality indicates Nizami’s genius and creativity in applying former prose heritage, especially Qaboosnameh. He has covered this precious heritage of rhythm, rhyme, and imagery to enrich his works' content, semantic dilation, textual cohesion, and artistic appeal.
Nasser Alizadeh; Tahere Nazari Anamaq
Volume 70, Issue 235 , January 0, , Pages 153-180
Abstract
Post-modernism is a rebellion against the beliefs of one-dimensional and mono sound.That does not include any mind and a certain boundary and at any time and in any place emerges and language for the collapse of beliefs that take on the right form in society. Although the term postmodern in this article ...
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Post-modernism is a rebellion against the beliefs of one-dimensional and mono sound.That does not include any mind and a certain boundary and at any time and in any place emerges and language for the collapse of beliefs that take on the right form in society. Although the term postmodern in this article are borrowed from Western literature and theory and suggests thinking of another culture and language but the aim of this school and its functions is universal. The adaptation is one of the postmodern components that Hafez has used to combat the singularity of the great narratives and has led the society's mentality to pluralism in the realities and its acceptance. He combines the styles, ideas and literary types of the past, such as the philosophical thinking of Khayyam, parody, praise and mystical literature using the element of satire, along with the shaking of the dominant philosophical elements of society, which is condemned to be inferior and presided over And self-made constructs of reality in the form of a pseudo-independent society on paper. And using the double confrontation of the Kharabat against the Khaneghah, Pir-e Khanqah is placed against Pir-e Moghan and.... He does not seek to sit his own theory in this direction, but also opposes the voices of the opposition. In this article we have tried to match the postmodern philosophical school in the ghazels of Hafez measure and as much as possible we show the space and transcendental poets and classical world literature. In addition to the adaptation, postmodern components of uncertainty, carnival, decay of narratives, and short stories have survived in the nuns.
Script
SHAHLA HAJTALEBI; Mehdi Nourian
Abstract
Persian literary works in verse and prose are included in authoritative document's history of intellectual, linguistics and literary Background about Persian language cultural. Introduced Manuscript of these works and check its features out is an important step in the study of linguistics and literary ...
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Persian literary works in verse and prose are included in authoritative document's history of intellectual, linguistics and literary Background about Persian language cultural. Introduced Manuscript of these works and check its features out is an important step in the study of linguistics and literary value of these writings. In this study, we pay attention to introduction and release of corpus of Rashid Tabrizi's Manuscript by descriptive – analytical method and check its method out. Rashid Tabrizi is one of the important poets of the Safavid era in the eleventh century who was related to the Safavid court directly. Corpus of Rashid Tabrizi has important features in terms of intellectual, linguistics, and literary that checking it out has necessary to understand the poetry of the Safavid era and the eleventh century. In general, the most important features of Rashid Tabrizi's poetry at the intellectual level, are praising Imam Ali, praising kings and courtiers, and complained Conditions of the day and art's stagnation. As well as Arabic vocabulary diversity, Mystical Idioms diversity and frequency diversity and mystical terms of the composition of the nominative, accusative and infinitive of the most characteristic of his poetry. The original property of his poetry is The frequency of similes and metaphors in verb in current literary, impressive frequency contradictory the use of puns and row verses feature high frequency.
Persian Rhetoric and Grammar
Mohammad Ali Mousazadeh; mohamad Tahery khosroshahi
Abstract
According to historical and cultural evidence, the Caucasus has historical commonalities and long-standing cultural ties with Iran and its people. One of these common areas that have created many bilateral effects on the cultural and historical relations between Iranians and the Caucasus nation, is literary ...
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According to historical and cultural evidence, the Caucasus has historical commonalities and long-standing cultural ties with Iran and its people. One of these common areas that have created many bilateral effects on the cultural and historical relations between Iranians and the Caucasus nation, is literary issues and the field of poetic origins and research related to language and literature. Critical studies of the works of writers such as Nezami Ganjavi, Khaghani Shervani, Mujir Belqani, Vale Daghestani, etc. show that the poetic language of these speakers cannot begin with these poets and reach the peak of maturity in their speech. Undoubtedly, there has been a tradition and a history, and hundreds of thousands of artists and virtuous people have been involved in artistic creation before, so that great people such as Khaghani, Nezami, and Mujir could emerge from among them. In this regard, one of the most important branches of the Persian language and literature in the Caucasus is the writing of Persian grammar books and dictionaries. An in-depth look at the historical course of the authorship of these books shows that the pioneers of compiling books on dictionaries and Persian grammar were the Caucasians. The region of the Caucasus plays a very important role in the history of compiling grammar books. This region was either the motherland of the authors or the host of the non-native authors who settled in that area..
Mohammad Mahdipour; Ahmad Farshbafeian; Mohammad Reza Abedi; Hosain Hasanzadeh
Volume 69, Issue 233 , January 0, , Pages 161-180
Abstract
Shahnameh the symbol of the Iranian unity is the terrestrial-humanity book which none of the components of biological needs of human being is not forgotten in it. This sega is the biggest Iranian cultural resentation in the following several hundred years of spread of intellectual battle with thinking ...
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Shahnameh the symbol of the Iranian unity is the terrestrial-humanity book which none of the components of biological needs of human being is not forgotten in it. This sega is the biggest Iranian cultural resentation in the following several hundred years of spread of intellectual battle with thinking top and arab policy of racial prejudice that could make national ancient stories in verse and offered the most important nation cultural capital of Iranian to humanity.the structure of this Sega is designed in such a way that it is not possible to ignore its collectivity of the terms of a utopia and also it seems that it is impossible to apart the spirit of Islamic philosophy from it. The big importance of the Iranian Sega is in the How to site wars and many components of hard war and soft war and multiple ways of confronting with the enemy psychological warfare is seen in this great work . this research is going to review and analysis one of the most famous psychological warfare of Rostam with Ashkbous Koshani according to techniques of soft war which matches the definitions of contemporary scholars at home and abroad and also analysis enjoying frequency ancient civilization owners of pre-islamic iran through the best practices and aggressive defense.
Contemporary Poetry of Iran
razie fani aski; firooz fazeli; mahmood ranjbar
Abstract
A study of Situational Irony in Maroufie’s Stories:Year of Turmoil and Symphony of the DeadRaziyeh Fani1/ Firooz Fazeli2/ Mahmood Ranjbar31 Ph.D Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University,(corresponding author), E-mail: raziefani@yahoo.com2 Assistant Professor of Persian Language ...
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A study of Situational Irony in Maroufie’s Stories:Year of Turmoil and Symphony of the DeadRaziyeh Fani1/ Firooz Fazeli2/ Mahmood Ranjbar31 Ph.D Candidate of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University,(corresponding author), E-mail: raziefani@yahoo.com2 Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University,E-mail: drfiroozfazeli@yahoo.com3 Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Guilan University,E-mail: mamranjbar@gmail.comAbstractSituational irony is the result of phantasms, imaginations and concepts. Thissort of irony has an especial place in fiction. The two stories of "Year ofTurmoil "and “Symphony of the Dead" by Maroufie have an especial positionin fiction because of their critical language and the author’s authority indemonstrating specific problems. Personification, scene, plot and actions inthis work have potential power for irony of situation and grotesque showing.Therefore we endeavor to indicate all kinds of ironical situations andgrotesque in this research, methods of creating them and theme’s socialreflections. With deliberation in these stories, we see that ironical names andbehaviors are the dominant factors in the creation of situational irony in thesestories. Character’s experiments and network of communication betweenthem have important roles in ironical behavior, action, situation, scene anddialogue. But character’s situation is the pivotal point. The most importantsubjects that are writer’s purpose are: culture and jeopardy of society,modernism, lack of justice and existence of corruption among diverse classesin society.Key words: situational Irony, " Year of Turmoil” “Symphony of theDead”, Contemporary fiction, MAROUFI32 Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 71, Issue 238, Fall & Winter 2018- 2019Situational irony concerns what it is about situation that causes peopleto describe it as ironic. Situational irony is as complex andcommonplace as verbal and literary irony. When someone says thatthey find a situation, they mean that their conception of it defies thenormal way in which situations fit with their repertoire of concepts, thatthis misfit is noticeable in some way, that is evokes a particular kind ofemotional response, and perhaps, that it has a specific moralsignificance. For example, let’s consider a situation in whichfirefighters had a fire in their kitchen due to some chicken fingers leftcooking while they went out to answer a fire alarm. We usually thinkof firemen as people who put out fires, not as people who start them.This situation evokes a particular kind of emotional response. In thispaper, we try to find the ironical situations in two of Abbas Maroufi’sstories: "Year of Turmoil" and "Symphony of the Dead". These twoworks have an especial position in fiction because of their criticallanguage and the author’s authority in demonstrating specific problems.Moreover Maroufie’s position as a writer was confirmed by writingthese two stories. In "Year of Turmoil", he narrates one accidence fromseveral characters’ points of view. The original character in this story isa young poet that queers in his father’s displeasure. In his another work,i.e. "Symphony of the Dead", Maroufi had utilized historical myths.Hence he could illustrate the historical and sociological qualificationsof Iran in the Second World War and in Reza Shah’s dominance. In thisessay, we endeavor to indicate all kinds of ironical situations andgrotesque in this research, methods of creating them and theme’s socialreflections. In personification, Maroufi selected his characters fromdiverse types, professions, situations and dissimilar age groups toaccess to an ironical space. Moreover he selected various entrustmentand disparate behaviors. This technical work commanded an oppositeand grotesque space in stories with deliberation. In these stories, we seethat ironical names and behaviors are the dominant factor of creation ofsituational irony. Characters’ experiments and network ofcommunication between them have important roles in ironicalbehaviors, action, situation, scene and dialogue. Credulous andridiculous behaviors, surprises and actions that scintillate from tensionand infuriation or jitters, have an important role in making situationalirony in Maroufie’s story. Scene, backward or opposite values in plotand actions in this work have potential power for irony of situation andgrotesque showing. Therewith abnormal conversations that areA study of Situational Irony in Maroufie’s Stories… 33discordant with situations are dominant cases for creating ironicalsituations but character’s situation is the pivotal point and otherformation. The most important subjects that are writer’s purpose are:culture and jeopardy of society, modernism, lack of justice andexistence of corruption among diverse classes in the society.
Sufism and Mysticism
Majid Rastandeh; Vahid Mobarak
Abstract
Attar who has been continuously in relation with the Holy Quran and hadiths ,has given a great deal of dedication to the interpretation of the verses and hadiths according to his intuition. In addition to simple structural and one dimensional interpretations,he has multi -dimensional interpretations ...
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Attar who has been continuously in relation with the Holy Quran and hadiths ,has given a great deal of dedication to the interpretation of the verses and hadiths according to his intuition. In addition to simple structural and one dimensional interpretations,he has multi -dimensional interpretations too. In that way,he has looked to the same quranic and narrative matters for many times and gave a different interpretation each time. This feature which is characterized by his style is called »multi-dimensional interpretation «and it's the subject of this research. On the other hand, by studying poetic works of Attar,we clearly find his previlieged attitude to the process of Human's creation and his descending to the earth . Now, this question arises that how is his idea about Human descending from the court of God and what structure it has? The present research is based on a descriptive way and content analysis method and is designed to provide an answer to this question. Discoveries show that presented interpretation about descending of man indicate Attar's multidimensional look to the man's descending and also makes a collection that can be called clustered interpretation.
Contemporary Poetry of Iran
Nooreddin Peyda; Rahman Moshtaghmehr; Yadoollah Nasroollahi
Abstract
After the literary revolution of Nima, numerous currents were born from Nimai's poetry and it merged with the currents and literary schools of the West and became popular. Following this, many studies and critiques were made about these poetic currents Due to the large number of available resources in ...
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After the literary revolution of Nima, numerous currents were born from Nimai's poetry and it merged with the currents and literary schools of the West and became popular. Following this, many studies and critiques were made about these poetic currents Due to the large number of available resources in the currentology of contemporary poetry Reviewing and comparing them will help us figure out which one is better In this article, we tried to critique these currentologys, and compare each of these books in comparison with each other and in the analytical review of each stream. The results show that the attempts to explain the evolution of contemporary poetry, although very useful, but in some of them there are fundamental drawbacks. Many of the critiques have been mere descriptions of a poetic current and At best, some critics have criticized poetry and interpreted poetic currents. The lack of a clear criterion in the classification of poets in the currents and even the naming of the currents and the lack of a clear time category for the contemporary poetic style, has caused confusion in some divisions.
. Epicical and Mythical Literature
JABBAR NASIRI; eshaq toghiani
Abstract
Narrative love poems constitute a part of Persian classical literary texts, and they are divided into three areas of epic, lyrical, and mystical literature. One of the common features of these works is the extensive presence of the and mythological archetypes and elements in them which could be described, ...
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Narrative love poems constitute a part of Persian classical literary texts, and they are divided into three areas of epic, lyrical, and mystical literature. One of the common features of these works is the extensive presence of the and mythological archetypes and elements in them which could be described, evaluated, and discussed using mythological criticism. In this paper some of the poems of the collection of One Hundred Persian Narrative Love Poems are discussed using the comparative mythological approach of Max Muller regarding the structure and character interaction. Reading the poems in the light of this approach allows us to determine why the protagonists journey lasts one year, to what purpose the orient and the occident are mentioned (China and Roman Empire), the reason behind the presence of a guide, witches and seducing women, horoscopic names, fictional characters and the manifold adventures of the protagonist of the poems. . .
History of literature of Iran
muhammad keshavarz; Farhad Doroodgarian; Behnaz Alipoor Gaskari
Abstract
Babashmal is one of the leading satirical magazines of the Twentieth Century which was published by Reza Ganjei during the years 1322 to 1326 in Tehran. Babashmal magazine, which was active in the most prominent periods of Iranian contemporary history, with almost all political, social and economic events ...
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Babashmal is one of the leading satirical magazines of the Twentieth Century which was published by Reza Ganjei during the years 1322 to 1326 in Tehran. Babashmal magazine, which was active in the most prominent periods of Iranian contemporary history, with almost all political, social and economic events and collaborations with a group of writers and poets, each of whom later became widely known in the country's literary arena. And the culture of Iranian society has been humorously presented and delivered to the authorities by the menus and wishes of their audiences, who were generally among the masses. Much of the journal's critical and humorous content revolves around political issues. It can be said that even the most important political issues and events in the country have not escaped the sharp criticism of the writers and poets of this magazine. The most important political content of the magazine included issues such as threats to foreign countries and fear of the government, criticizing the performance of ministers and statesmen, criticizing the inefficiency of the National Assembly and MPs, buying and selling parliamentary votes, criticizing the damaging role of foreign advisers, the situation Shattered and unstable state offices and so on. This article attempts to reconfigure the discourse of this journal by emphasizing the content of Babashmal's journal, by means of a consolidated content analysis
Hamidreza Farzi; Leila Adlparvar; Ali Dehgan
Volume 68, Issue 232 , January 0, , Pages 151-168
Abstract
تحلیل ساختاری پراپ روش عملی و دقیقی است که میتوان آن را بر روی قصّه های ادب فارسی، به خصوص منظومههای غنایی و حکایات عرفانی و تعلیمی نیز اعمال کرد. هدف از این تحقیق ...
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تحلیل ساختاری پراپ روش عملی و دقیقی است که میتوان آن را بر روی قصّه های ادب فارسی، به خصوص منظومههای غنایی و حکایات عرفانی و تعلیمی نیز اعمال کرد. هدف از این تحقیق آن است که همای و همایون خواجوی کرمانی و سلامان و ابسال جامی طبق الگوی پیشنهادی پراپ و براساس نقد ساختار گرایانه وی، مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گیرد. برای این منظور ابتدا مقدمهای دربارة تعریف و تبیین ریختشناسی، روایتشناسی، روش مطالعاتی پراپ، و معرفی خواجوی کرمانی و قصّة همای و همایون و معرفی جامی و قصّة سلامان و ابسال مطرح شده است. برای مقایسة ساختاری این دو داستان از نظر کارکردها، صحنة آغازین، راههای ترکیب حکایات، بسط داستان، شخصیّتها و صفات شخصیّتها جداولی تنظیم گردید تا تفاوتها و شباهتهای ساختاری این دو اثر براساس جدولها، تحلیل و بررسی شود. یافتههای این پژوهش گویای تطابق داستان همای و همایون و سلامان و ابسال با کارکردهای ریختشناسانة پراپ است. مقایسة ساختاری داستان همای و همایون با سلامان و ابسال بیانگر این است که هر دو اثر از نظر خویشکاریها، شخصیّتها، و صفات اشخاص قصَه، ساختار حکایات، نوع بسط و صحنة آغازین ساختاری مشابه دارند.
Saeed Mahdavifar; Alireza Shohani
Volume 69, Issue 234 , January 0, , Pages 153-166
Abstract
Text correction is one of the most important research topics in ancient literature studies that may be known as the proper basis and foundation of other researches. This will be more important in relation to the great poets' works. One of the clear proofs to this case is Divan-e Afzalaldin Badil Khaqani ...
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Text correction is one of the most important research topics in ancient literature studies that may be known as the proper basis and foundation of other researches. This will be more important in relation to the great poets' works. One of the clear proofs to this case is Divan-e Afzalaldin Badil Khaqani Shervani, the sixth century peerless poet. Although there have been three known publications of Divan-e Khaqani, and also attempts to rub off the Divan from wrong records, there are still some errors in the text. The researchers have paid much attention to the first part of the Divan, the odes, and less to the second part. So the present paper tries to correct scientifically and critically some couplets of the second part based on new points of view.
zahra madadi; alireza mozaffari; abdollah toloeiazar
Volume 71, Issue 237 , September 2018, , Pages 153-183
Abstract
منظومه های غنایی بخشی از ادبیات فارسی هستند که به روایت داستان می پردازند به همین جهت زبان توصیفی در آنها کاربرد زیادی دارد.زبان منظومه های غنایی در دوره های مختلف یکسان ...
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منظومه های غنایی بخشی از ادبیات فارسی هستند که به روایت داستان می پردازند به همین جهت زبان توصیفی در آنها کاربرد زیادی دارد.زبان منظومه های غنایی در دوره های مختلف یکسان نبوده و بر اساس اوضاع فرهنگی، اجتماعی و سیاسی دگرگونی هایی در آن ایجاد شده است. در این پزوهش به مقوله زبان توصیفی-تشبیهی و توصیفی-استعاری پرداختیم. بریا این منظور 9 منظومه غنایی از ابتدا تا دوره تیموریان انتخاب شده و با انتخاب ابیاتی از بخش های مختلف آنها زبان توصیفی-تشبیهی و توصیفی –استعاری مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. این منظومه ها به طور کلی به دو دوره اول و دوم تقسیم شده اند. در دوره اول سه منظومه ویس و رامین، ورقه و گلشاه و شیرین و خسرو دهلوی بررسی شده و نشان داده ایم که این منظومه ها بیشتر مبتنی بر تشبیه بوده و دارای جملاتی کوتاه تر و زبان ساده تری هستند. در دوره دوم شش منظومه لیلی و مجنون و خسرو و شیرین نظامی، همای و همایون خواجوی کرمانی، لیلی و مجنون و یوسف و زلیخای جامی و مهر و مشتری عصار تبریزی بررسی شده و نشان داده ایم که این منظومه زبان توصیفی استعاری داشته و دارای تتابع اضافات و جملات طولانی تری نسبت به دوره اول هستند. کلید واژها: ادبیات غنایی، منظومه ها، زبان استعاری،زبان تشبیهی،توصیف
History of literature of Iran
Amir Afshin Farhadian; Mohammad Taheri
Abstract
Should We "Strive" or "Drink" in the name of Xâje?Correcting a Verse of Hafez Based on the Intertextual Relations of His DivanA number of Hafez's poems are related to each other. Analyzing the elements of these links leads to a more accurate understanding of the poems, a better understanding of ...
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Should We "Strive" or "Drink" in the name of Xâje?Correcting a Verse of Hafez Based on the Intertextual Relations of His DivanA number of Hafez's poems are related to each other. Analyzing the elements of these links leads to a more accurate understanding of the poems, a better understanding of the thoughts and approaches of the poet, and a better drawing of the faces of the characters in the poems. The knowledge gained from reflecting on the intratextual relationships of Hafez' Divan can be effective in correcting the poems. In this essay, an example of the beneficial results of paying attention to intertextual relationships in the correction of Hafez's poems is explained with the method of content analysis and in a descriptive-analytical way. In the verse:My heart does not desire asceticism and repentance, butwe should strive in the name of Xâje and his government نمیکند دل من میل زهد و توبه ولیبه نام خواجه بکوشیم و فر دولت اوPaying attention to the intertextual relationship of the Divan shows that the "Xâje" in this verse is Xâje Jalâloddin Turân Shah, the famous minister of Shah Shojaʾ Mozaffari. Hafez has eulogized this vizier in a significant number of his poems. The analysis of the poems related to him in Hafez's Divan provides us with significant information about his thought and life and his relationship with Hafez. The meaning of this verse is in complete conflict with the knowledge obtained from the analysis of those poems. The inconsistency suggests that the current recording of the verse may be flawed. By referring to the old versions and checking the recorded recordings, it was possible to recover the correct form of the verse.